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ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå)
Âs[jl WWW yf yjdsq ehjdtym hfpdbnbz, gjkexbdibq yfbvtyjdfybt Web 2.0, djpdhfoftn rjvgm.nthysq vbh r ytj,[jlbvjcnb htitybz nt[ aeylfvtynfkmys[ pflfx, rjnjhst yf ghjnz;tybb ltcznbktnbq jcnfdfkbcm d ntyb nt[yjkjubxtcrb[ ljcnb;tybq. Ânjhfz dthcbz Web (Web 2.0) yf ysytiytv 'nfgt tt hfpdbnbz— yt nt[yjkjubz, f ghtlgjkfuftvjt yfghfdktybt lfkmytqitq 'djk.wbb Ãkj,fkmyjq Ïfenbys. Ïjl Web 2.0 xfot dctuj gjybvf.n yjde. rjywtgwb. World Wide Web, rjnjhfz hjlbkfcm xthtp ytcrjkmrj ktn gjckt ghbcyjgfvznyjuj rhf[f «ljnrjvjd». Åt gjzdktybt dgjkyt pfrjyjvthyj: rhbpbc Web vbyjdfk, b gjckt njuj, rfr jctkf gskm, yfxfkcz gjbcr fkmnthyfnbdys[ gentq. Â lfyyjv ckexft, rfr d k.,jv lheujv nt[ybxtcrjv 'djk.wbjyyjv ghjwtcct, dtrnjh hfpdbnbz jghtltkztncz ldevz jcyjdysvb afrnjhfvb— yjdsvb nht,jdfybzvb gjkmpjdfntktq b nt[yjkjubzvb, cgjcj,ysvb b[ eljdktndjhbnm. Ífpdfybt Web 2.0 abuehbhjdfkj b ght;lt, yj d tuj ysytiytv cvsckt dgthdst ,skj bcgjkmpjdfyj rfr yfpdfybt rjyathtywbb, jhufybpjdfyyjq d jrnz,ht 2004 ujlf rjvgfybzvb O’Reilly Media b MediaLive— bpdtcnysvb «fdfyufhlbcnfvb» Web-ldb;tybz. Ötkzvb rjyathtywbb ,skb j,ce;ltybt ghj,ktv djphj;ltybz Web gjckt rhbpbcf 2000 ujlf b fyfkbp vjlthybpbhjdfyys[ ,bpytc-vjltktq lkz rjvgfybq, cgtwbfkbpbhe.ob[cz yf Web-ghbkj;tybz[.
Ïhb gjbcrt gthcgtrnbd Web 2.0 d rfxtcndt gthds[ jhbtynbhjd ,skb yfpdfys ghbj,htnfdibt gjgekzhyjcnm jykfqyjdst lytdybrb («,kjub»— blogs) b chtlcndf rjkkf,jhfnbdyjq hf,jns c jykfqyjdsvb ljrevtynfvb («dbrb»— wiki). Îcyjdyjq ajhvekjq rjyathtywbb cnfkj dshf;tybt «Web rfr gkfnajhvf» (The Web As Platform). Òjulf rfpfkjcm, xnj Web eujnjdfyj ghtdhfnbnmcz d eghfdkztve. vtnflfyysvb yjde. byahfcnhernehe— yfcnjkmrj yjde., xnj lkz ytt gjnht,etncz yjdjt gjrjktybt ,hfepthjd. Íf gthdjq rjyathtywbb ltkj 'nbv b juhfybxbkjcm: yf ytq ,skb crjhtt gjcnfdktys djghjcs, xtv gjkextys jndtns. Íf cktle.otq rjyathtywbb, rjnjhfz ghjikf d rjywt jrnz,hz ntreotuj ujlf, elfkjcm d rfrjq-nj vtht rjyrhtnbpbhjdfnm ghtlcnfdktybz j Web 2.0, b tt vj;yj lf;t yfpdfnm «vjpujdsv inehvjv». Îcyjdysvb ljrkflxbrjd cnfkb ghtlcnfdbntkb rjvgfybq Microsoft, Google, AOL, Yahoo, Sony b tot wtksq hzl bpdtcnys[ kbxyjcntq, d njv xbckt «vfvf» zpsrf Java Êbv Ïjkbpt b bybwbfnjh cjplfybz rjhgjhfwbb Sun Microsystems Âbyjl Õjcnkf. Íj, ,tp cjvytybz, ukfdyjq abuehjq b bltjkjujv yjdjuj ldb;tybz zdkztncz Òbv O’Ðtqkb, herjdjlbntkm O’Reilly Media.
Àyfkbp cgbcrf ljrkflxbrjd cdbltntkmcndetn j, 'kbnfhyjcnb rjyathtywbb, yj dct ;t yf ytq ljvbybhjdfkb ghtlcnfdbntkb rjvvthxtcrb[ abhv, f yt frfltvbxtcrb[ rheujd, xnj ghblfdfkj vthjghbznb. ytrjnjhsq yfktn vfhrtnbyuf.
Íf ctq hfp ajrec dybvfybz cvtcnbkcz c gkfnajhvtyyjuj gjl[jlf r Web r cjwbfkmysv ctnzv rfr r chtlcnde cbcntvfnbpfwbb rjyntynf. Òbv O’Ðtqkb cnfk «wtynhjv rhbcnfkkbpfwbb» ldb;tybz r Web 2.0, gjcrjkmre ldf ujlf yfpfl, pf ujl lj gthdjq rjyathtywbb, bvtyyj jy ghtlkj;bk dsltkbnm rfr jnltkmyjt gjyznbt ajhvbhe.obqcz nbg fh[bntrneh, d njv xbckt ctntds[, b yfpdfk b[ fh[bntrnehfvb exfcnbz (architecture of participation). Ñjjndtncnde.obt cbcntvs jcyjdfys yf lj,hjdjkmys[ byntkktrnefkmys[ «drkflf[» exfcnybrjd. Ïhbvthfvb nfrb[ fh[bntrneh cke;fn ghjuhfvvbhjdfybt d jnrhsns[ rjlf[ (Open Source) b cbcntvs c djpvj;yjcnzvb jnrhsnjuj htlfrnbhjdfybz (Open Editing d j,otv ckexft b ghjtrn Wikipedia d xfcnyjcnb). Â ghbkj;tybb r Web blt. lj,hjdjkmyjuj exfcnbz j,hfpyj dshfpbk Ïmth Àvblfh, ukfdf rjvgfybb Amidar Networks: «Â Web ghjbc[jlbn aeylfvtynfkmysq cldbu. Òtgthm tuj jcyjdyfz cbkf ajhvbhetncz cybpe k.lmvb, cgjcj,ysvb r cfvjjhufybpfwbb, b jckf,kztncz dkbzybt yt,jkmib[ uhegg, ghjdjlzob[ cdj. gjkbnbre cdth[e dybp». Ñktletn enjxybnm, xnj ytrjnjhjt dhtvz yfpfl Web 2.0 bcgjkmpjdfkb d rfxtcndt cbyjybvf rjywtgwbb Semantic Web. Ýnb ldt rjywtgwbb ltqcndbntkmyj ,kbprb b lf;t dpfbvyj ljgjkyz.n lheu lheuf, yj jyb hfpkbxf.ncz ghbywbgfvb cbcntvfnbpfwbb ctvfynbrb. Web 2.0 ,fpbhetncz yf ghbywbgf[ fh[bntrnehs exfcnbz, f tuj cbcntvfnbpfwbz cjplftncz c gjvjom. chtlcnd ajkrcjyjvbb (folksonomy = folk + taxonomy, nj tcnm «yfhjlyfz nfrcjyjvbz»). Îcyjdjgjkfuf.otq blttq ajkrcjyjvbb zdkztncz ghtlcnfdktybt j lj,hjdjkmyjv cjnhelybxtcndt k.ltq c wtkm. jhufybpfwbb bcnjxybrjd byajhvfwbb. Ýnj djpvj;yj d ytbthfh[bxtcrb[ cjj,otcndf[, yfghbvth yf Web-cfqnf[, htfkbpjdfyys[ yf ghbywbgf[ jnrhsnjuj htlfrnbhjdfybz.
Ñbcntvfnbpfwbz rjyntynf, gjkextyyfz chtlcndfvb ajkrcjyjvbb gjpdjkztn cjplfnm rjywtgnefkmye. vjltkm byajhvfwbb, gjcrjkmre jnhf;ftn ghtlcnfdktybz dctq uheggs. Âs[jl Web yf yjde. cnegtym yfitk cdjt jnhf;tybt d byltrct 2.0, erfpsdf.otv yf cktle.ott gjrjktybt. Ïthdsv gjrjktybtv (Web 1.0) vj;yj yfpdfnm nt[yjkjubb, j,tcgtxbdfdibt dsdjl cnfnbxtcrb[ HTML-cnhfybw. Ïjcktljdfdibq lfktt ecgt[ ljnrjvjd ,sk cdzpfy c gjzdktybtv gjrjktybz Web 1.5, lkz rjnjhjuj [fhfrnthys lbyfvbxtcrbt HTML-cnhfybws, xmt cjlth;bvjt bpvtyztncz «yf ktne» d cjjndtncndbb c bpvtytybtv rjyntynf ,fps lfyys[. Èltjkjub gjl[jlf Web 2.0 endth;lf.n, xnj yjdsq Web ljk;ty djgkjnbnm d ct,t jgsn cjplfybz nfr yfpsdftvs[ cjwbfkmys[ ctntq d Internet. În ghtlitcndtyybrjd jy jnkbxftncz ntv, xnj ,eltn cnhjbnmcz yf ,fpt yt nhflbwbjyys[ Web-cfqnjd, f gjhnfkjd, flfgnbhe.ob[cz r nht,jdfybzv gjkmpjdfntktq. Ájktt elj,yfz gjlfxf rjyntynf gjchtlcndjv gjhnfkjd ,eltn ghbdktrfnm gjctnbntktq, b chf,jnftn ctntdjq 'aatrn, dshf;tyysq bpdtcnysv pfrjyjv Ìtnrfkaf: «Ïjktpyjcnm ctnb ghb,kbpbntkmyj hfdyf rdflhfne xbcktyyjcnb gjkmpjdfntktq 'njq ctnb». Õjnz djphfcn bltb Web 2.0— ghbvthyj ldf ujlf, jyf ghbdktrftn r ct,t rjkjccfkmyjt dybvfybt. Íf 1 yjz,hz 2005 ujlf xbckj ccskjr d WWW yf Web 2.0 cjcnfdbkj gjxnb 15 vky. ×tv ;t dspdfy nfrjq bynthtc r cktle.otve gjrjktyb. Web? Îndtn jxtym ghjcn: ytcjdthitycndjv tuj ysytiytuj cnfnec-rdj. Êfr yb cnhfyyj, cjdhtvtyyjt cjcnjzybt Web-ghjcnhfycndf vj;yj egjlj,bnm fynbxysv bkb chtlytdtrjdsv ,b,kbjntrfv, gjcrjkmre, ytcvjnhz yf pfvtnyst hfpkbxbz d nt[yjkjubz[, nj b lheujt ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ytegjhzljxtyyjt cj,hfybt ljrevtynjd. È[ j,]tlbyztn jncencndbt ukfdyjuj 'ktvtynf cjdhtvtyyjuj rybuj[hfybkbof— ,b,kbjuhfabxtcrjq cbcntvfnbpfwbb.
Ñ lhtdyjcnb b lj dhtvtyb cjplfybz ryb;yjuj cnfylfhnf ghbywbgs [hfytybz cdbnrjd b byreyf,ek d ,b,kbjntrf[ ,skb ghjbpdjkmysvb (yfghbvth, ajyls egjhzljxbdfkb gj [hjyjkjubb, gj ajhvfnfv b n.l.); ,b,kbjntrb d cjdhtvtyyjv cvsckt 'njuj ckjdf gjzdbkbcm dvtcnt c fkafdbnysvb b cbcntvfnbxtcrbvb rfnfkjufvb. Ïht;lt ,b,kbjntrfhb, j,sxyj vjyf[b, dsgjkyzkb aeyrwb. gjbcrjds[ vfiby: jyb yf gfvznm pyfkb, ult xnj kt;bn. È vt;le nfrbv cjnhelybrjv ,b,kbjntrb b cfvjq cjdhtvtyyjq gjbcrjdjq vfibyjq j,yfhe;bdftncz elbdbntkmyjt c[jlcndj. Ïjbcrjdfz vfibyf ghjcvfnhbdftn dct ljcnegyst tq cnfnbxtcrbt cnhfybws b cjcnfdkztn cj,cndtyye. ,fpe lfyys[ j, b[ hfcgjkj;tybb, f gjkmpjdfntkm, j,hfofzcm r ytq, rfr rjulf-nj r ,b,kbjntrfh., yf[jlbn ye;yst cnhfybws. Êfrbvb ,s ,jkmibvb yt ,skb ryb;yst ,b,kbjntrb, b[ ajyls rjytxys, hfcnen yt ckbirjv ,scnhj, b ghjwtcc hfpdbnbz rjynhjkbhetncz, gj'njve r ybv dgjkyt ghbvtybvf wtynhfkbpjdfyyfz gfhflbuvf rkfccbabrfwbb. Â jnkbxbt jn yb[, cjlth;bvjt Web hfcntn 'rcgjytywbfkmyj, yt ceotcndetn rfrjq-kb,j «flvbybcnhfwbb», f gjnjve nht,etncz yjdfz gfhflbuvf, d ,jkmitq vtht jhbtynbhjdfyyfz yf gjkmpjdfntkz. Â rfxtcndt ghbvthf nfrjuj jnyjitybz r htcehcfv Web vj;yj yfpdfnm ytrjnjhst cthdbcs Google: 'nj Google Start, j,tcgtxbdf.obq bylbdblefkmye. yfcnhjqre ljvfiytq cnhfybws, jykfqyjdjq gjxnjdsq rkbtyn Gmail b byntkktrnefkmyfz htrkfvyfz c[tvf Google Ad Sense. Ñjdvtcnyj jyb j,hfpe.n gthcjyfkbpbhjdfyye. chtle, yj tt vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm kbim rfr eghjotyysq ghjnjnbg ,eleotq chtls, yt ,jktt njuj. Äkz ajhvbhjdfybz yjdjq chtls gjnht,etncz yjdsq rkfcc ghjuhfvv, cjwbfkmyjt ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt (social software). Òthvby djitk d egjnht,ktybt d 2002 ujle ,kfujlfhz rjyathtywbb Social Software Summit ([jnz jcyjdyst bltb social software ,skb ghtlkj;tys ujhfplj hfymit); nfr yfpdfkb ghjuhfvvyst chtlcndf, cke;fobt lkz jhufybpfwbb uheggjdjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz. Ájktt njuj, gjzdktybt social software gjpdjkztn dscnhjbnm wtgjxre jnrhsnbq, rjnjhfz dgjkyt kjubxyj gjldjlbn r vsckb j pfrjyjvthyjcnb gjzdktybz Web 2.0. Îyf cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj pf jcyjdysv gjnjrjv hfpdbnbz nfr yfpsdftvs[ byajhvfwbjyys[ nt[yjkjubq (rjnjhst ybrjulf yt hf,jnfkb c byajhvfwbtq, f jgthbhjdfkb njkmrj lfyysvb) ceotcndjdfk lheujq, jhbtynbhjdfyysq yf hf,jne c rjyntynjv. Âjpvj;yj, Web 2.0— 'nj ljkuj;lfyyfz njxrf gthtctxtybz lde[ gjnjrjd hfpdbnbz rjvgm.nthys[ cbcntv: jcyjdyjuj, rjnjhsq cnbvekbhetncz ,bpytcjv b bylecnhbtq, b ntytdjuj, rjnjhsq hfpdbdftncz ecbkbzvb jlbyjxtr-vsckbntktq. Àkmnthyfnbdysq gjnjr yfxfkcz c ubgjntnbxtcrjq vfibys Âfyytdfhf Áeif memex. Ë.,jgsnyj, xnj Áei ghtlcnfdkzk cdj. vfibye yt njkmrj rfr ecnhjqcndj lkz [hfytybz kbxys[ ljrevtynjd, yj b rfr chtlcndj j,vtyf byajhvfwbtq vt;le k.lmvb, nj tcnm jyf vjukf ,s bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz cjplfybz cjwbfkmys[ ctntq. Èltb Áeif gjkexbkb hfpdbnbt d nhelf[ Ä;jptaf Ëbrkfqlthf. Â cnfnmt «Êjvgm.nth rfr rjvveybrfwbjyyjt ecnhjqcndj» jy dgthdst ghtlcnfdbk rjvgm.nth rfr nt[yjkjub. byntkktrnefkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz. Ñktle.obv ,sk Äfu Ýyutkm,fhn, bpj,htnfntkm vfybgekznjhf-vsib, fdnjh gthjdjq vekmnbvtlbqyjq cbcntvs NLS (oNLine System), dshfpbdibq cdjq rjywtgnefkmysq gjl[jl d cnfnmt «Ócbktybt xtkjdtxtcrjuj byntkktrnf» (Augmenting Human Intellect). Â yfxfkt 70-[ gjzdbkbcm cbcntvs 'ktrnhjyyjuj j,vtyf byajhvfwbtq (electronic information exchange system), f cgecnz ytcrjkmrj ktn— gthdst cbcntvs lkz rjkktrnbdyjq hf,jns (groupware). Òthvby groupware ,sk ghtlkj;ty cegheufvb Ïbnthjv b Òhelb Ä;jycjy-Ëtyw, rjnjhst jghtltkbkb tuj pyfxtybt rfr «byntkktrnefkmyfz hf,jnf d uheggt gk.c ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt». Â 80-t ujls gjzdbkbcm cbcntvs lkz rjkkf,jhfnbdyjq hf,jns (computer-supported collaborative). Îlybv bp yfb,jktt zhrb[ cj,snbq d 'njq wtgb cnfk ghjtrn Xanadu Òtlf Ítkmcjyf. Äkz gthtxbcktyys[ hf,jn j,obv zdkztncz cnhtvktybt j,tcgtxbnm gjkmpjdfntk. djpvj;yjcnm hf,jns yt c lfyysvb, f c byajhvfwbtq b lf;t cj pyfybtv. Íj yf njv nt[ybxtcrjv ehjdyt, rjnjhsv «hfcgjkfufkb» fdnjhs, 'nj ,skj ckj;yj, f Web 2.0 d gthcgtrnbdt lfcn nfre. djpvj;yjcnm.
Ëtjybl ×thyzr osp.ru/os/2005/11/380523/ |
