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ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå)
Íf ctujlyziybq ltym ukj,fkmyfz ctnm ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq juhjvysq rkfltpm cfvs[ hfpyjj,hfpys[ eckeu: rjvvthxtcrb[ b ,tcgkfnys[, byajhvfwbjyys[ b htrkfvys[, ghjbpdjlcndtyys[ b njhujds[, gthcjyfkmys[ b rjhgjhfnbdys[ b gh. Ñjjndtncndtyyj, hfp yf Èynthytn-hsyrt ytn ltabwbnf nt[ bkb bys[ eckeu, jyb xtnrj yfghfdktys r cdjtq felbnjhbb gjkmpjdfntktq, eljdktndjhzz b[ pfghjcs b gjnht,yjcnb. Äheubvb ckjdfvb, b d Èynthytnt k.,jq xtkjdtr rfr gjntywbfkmysq gjnht,bntkm vj;tn xnj-kb,j pfrfpfnm, cltkfnm pfghjc, gjkexbnm rjycekmnfwb., j,hfnbnmcz pf ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjvjom. b n.l. È, tcntcndtyyj, yfltznmcz gjkexbnm dscjrbq ehjdtym j,cke;bdfybz b gjkysq rjvajhn d ghjwtcct gjkmpjdfybz. Èvtyyj 'nb ldf rjvgjytynf b cjcnfdkz.n wtke. gfhfvtnhjd jwtyrb b rhbnthbtd jghtltktybz 'aatrnbdyjcnb jrfpfybz eckeu, yfpsdftve. usability.
 gthtdjlt c fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf ckjdj usability ,erdfkmyj vj;yj gthtdtcnb rfr "elj,cndj gjkmpjdfybz". Çf he,t;jv (d jcj,tyyjcnb d ÑØÀ) gjyznbtv usability jgthbhe.n cfvst hfpyjj,hfpyst yferb: gcb[jkjubz b cjwbjkjubz, vtytl;vtyn b vfhrtnbyu b lh. Ðfpevttncz, rf;lfz j,kfcnm dyjcbn cdjb bylbdblefkmyst bpvtytybz d nhfrnjdre 'njq cbcntvs, jlyfrj cenm gjyznbz usability jcnftncz ytbpvtyyjq - cbcntvfnbpbhjdfyysq vtnjljkjubxtcrbq b nt[yjkjubxtcrbq rjvgktrc ltqcndbq, yfghfdktyys[ yf ljcnb;tybt vfrcbvfkmyjuj elj,cndf gjnht,bntkz d ghjwtcct gjkmpjdfybz rjyrhtnysvb eckeufvb. Î,kfcnm byajhvfwbjyys[ nt[yjkjubq b, d xfcnyjcnb, Èynthytn nfr;t ye;lftncz d bpextybb b ecjdthitycndjdfybb 'njuj rjvgktrcf - yf ehjdyt dpfbvjltqcndbz cj cdjbvb dbhnefkmysvb gjnht,bntkzvb.
Ñtujlyz cbcntvf usability gjkexftn dct ,jkmitt hfcghjcnhfytybt d ghjwtcct ghjtrnbhjdfybz b gjllth;rb Èynthytn-ghjtrnjd, bpextybz gjnht,bntkmcrjuj gjdtltybz b dkbzybz dyenhtyytq ctntdjq chtls yf bvbl; ghjtrnjd b n.l. Êfr b k.,fz cbcntvf, usability drk.xftn d ct,z jnltkmyst yfghfdktybz, bpextyb. rjnjhs[ ytj,[jlbvj gjcdzofnm ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj dhtvtyb ghb cjplfybb k.,s[ ghjtrnjd d Ñtnb (jn gthcjyfkmyjuj cfqnf lj rhegys[ rjhgjhfnbdys[ cthdthjd b ctntds[ cke;,). Âctuj d cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyys[ ctntds[ b ryb;ys[ bcnjxybrf[ erfpsdftncz jrjkj 100 hfpkbxys[ yfghfdktybq usability, d cbke xtuj hfccrfpfnm j rf;ljv bp yb[ d hfvrf[ cnfnmb yt ghtlcnfdkztncz djpvj;ysv. Íf,jktt df;ysvb b bynthtcysvb, yf vjq dpukzl, cjcnfdkz.obvb cbcntvs usability zdkz.ncz lbpfqy, htrkfvf, yfdbufwbz, xtkjdtxtcrbq afrnjh, uhfabrf b lh. Íf ytrjnjhs[ bp yb[ z jcnfyjdk.cm ,jktt gjlhj,yj.
Èpextyb. djghjcjd lbpfqyf (j,otuj jajhvktybz b rjvgjyjdrb) jndjlbncz jlyj bp gthdjcntgtyys[ vtcn d cbcntvt usability. È 'nj yt elbdbntkmyj, tckb extcnm njn afrn, xnj gthdjt dgtxfnktybt j dfitv Èynthytn-ghjtrnt e gjctnbntkz ,eltn crkflsdfnmcz bvtyyj yf jcyjdt dbpefkmyjq jwtyrb dytiytuj dblf cfqnf. Êfr ujdjhbncz, "dcnhtxf.n gj jlt;rt, f ghjdj;f.n gj eve". Îlyfrj, ujdjhbnm j njv, xnj ghfdbkmyj d lbpfqyt, f xnj - ytn, - pfntz yt bp kturb[, nfr rfr k.,jq gjl[jl r jwtyrt usability htpekmnfnf lbpfqythcrjuj htitybz gjlhfpevtdftn ,jktt bkb vtytt ce,]trnbdye. njyfkmyjcnm, xnj cdjbv j,hfpjv dkbztn yf jrjyxfntkmyst dsdjls j cjjndtncndbb rjyrhtnyjuj cfqnf rhbnthbzv usability. Âj bp,t;fybt dytctybz genfybws d htpekmnfns jwtyrb b ljcnb;tybz, gj djpvj;yjcnb, vfrcbvfkmyjq j,]trnbdyjcnb ,skb hfphf,jnfys cgtwbfkmyst vtnjlbrb jwtyrb cntgtyb cjjndtncndbz ntcnbhetvjuj cfqnf rhbnthbzv cbcntvs usability.
Îlyjq bp yfb,jktt ghjcns[, yj dvtcnt c ntv htpekmnfnbdys[ vtnjlbr zdkztncz "Success Rate: The Simplest Usability Metric" - hfphf,jnrf jcyjdjgjkj;ybrf cbcntvs usability ßrj,f Íbkmctyf (Jacob Nielsen). Îlyfrj, lfdfqnt gj gjhzlre: egjvzyene. dsit b ghjxbt vtnjlbrb vs hfccvjnhbv xenm gjp;t, f ctqxfc gjcvjnhbv, xnj levf.n gj gjdjle usability d lbpfqyt Èynthytn-ghjtrnjd ghjatccbjyfks - k.lb, vyjubt ujls hf,jnf.obt d ÈÒ-bylecnhbb, bpexf.obt djghjcs rhtfnbdf, vfhrtnbyuf, htrkfvs b gh.
Êhbc Ïjk, Êhtfnbd-lbhtrnjh IBM WebSphere (Chris Paul, Creative Director, IBM WebSphere)
"...Åckb ds jpflfxtys ntv, xnj cbnefwbz yf cfqnt yt cjjndtncndetn dfibv j;blfybzv, ghj,ktvf, djpvj;yj, pfrk.xftncz yt d njv, xnj ghtlkfuftvst dfitq rjvgfybtq ghjlerns bkb eckeub yt djcnht,jdfys yf hsyrt, b yt gkj[jv gjl[jlt r byajhvfwbjyyjve yfgjkytyb. cfqnf. Ìj;tn jrfpfnmcz, xnj ghbxbyf pfrk.xftncz d ytljcnfnjxyjv dybvfybb r gjkmpjdfntkmcrbv ghtlgjxntybzv... Ìfkj bcgjkmpjdfnm gjcktlybt ljcnb;tybz d j,kfcnb dt,-nt[yjkjubq, frnbdyj ghbvtyznm cbcntvs 'ktrnhjyyjq rjvvthwbb b hfpvtofnmcz yf cdth[crjhjcnys[ cthdthf[. Åckb ds [jnbnt pfrhtgbnm cdjt "vtcnj gjl cjkywtv", ytj,[jlbvj nofntkmyj bpexbnm ghtlgjxntybz gjkmpjdfntkz dfib[ eckeu... Ïjyznbt "gjkmpjdfntkmcrbt ghtlgjxntybz" vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr cevvfhye. cntgtym eljdktndjhtybz xtkjdtrf jn gjkmpjdfybz dfibv cfqnjv... È dytiytt jajhvktybt pltcm buhftn jlye bp rk.xtds[ hjktq..."
Äheubvb ckjdfvb, gj vytyb. Êhbcf Ïjkf, gjctnbntkz jghtltktyyjuj Èynthytn-htcehcf d gjcktly.. jxthtlm djkyetn, yf rfrjq fggfhfnyjq gkfnajhvt hf,jnftn cfqn b bcgjkmpe.ncz kb d tuj hf,jnt dct ceotcnde.obt "yje-[fe" d j,kfcnb ÈÒ. Ïthdjt, yf xnj jy j,hfoftn dybvfybt d [jlt jpyfrjvktybz c dfitq rjvgfybtq (d lfyyjv rjyntrcnt - c cfqnjv dfitq rjvgfybb), - 'nj dytiybq dbl. Â pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, eljdktndjhty kb gjctnbntkm dbpefkmyj, pfdbcbn tuj lfkmytqitt gjdtltybt rfr gjnht,bntkz b ajhvbhetncz jghtltktyyjt vytybt j rjvgfybb d wtkjv.
 rfxtcndt fkmnthyfnbds ghtlsleotve vytyb. ghbdj;e ljdjls Ïbnthf Ñb,f[f (Peter Seebach), ytpfdbcbvjuj 'rcgthnf gj djghjcfv usability, rjnjhsq dj ukfde eukf cnfdbn nfrjt gjyznbt, rfr "elj,ysq lbpfqy":
Ïbnth Ñb,f[, Ítpfdbcbvsq 'rcgthn gj djghjcfv usability (Peter Seebach, Freelance Author)
"...Ât,-cfqns hfphf,fnsdf.ncz k.lmvb, j,kflf.obvb ,scnhsvb, vjoysvb rjvgm.nthfvb, cjdhtvtyysvb ,hfepthfvb, gjkytqitq ljrevtynfwbtq b ,scnhjq kjrfkmyjq ctnm.... Ýnb dt,-cfqns ghjcvfnhbdf.ncz k.lmvb, bvt.obvb cfvst hfpkbxyst gj cdjbv djpvj;yjcnzv b yjdbpyt rjvgm.nths, vjltvs, ,hfepths b ghjxtt ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt, ecnfyjdktyyjt gj evjkxfyb. yf jnltkmyjq vfibyt. Ïthdsv ujhfplj ghjot lfdfnm cjdtns dnjhsv rfcfntkmyj njuj, rfr ye;yj j,ecnhjbnm cdjb hf,jxbt vtcnf, xtv ecnhfybnm djpybrf.obq ,fhmth ytcjdvtcnbvjcnb... Â htpekmnfnt crkflsdftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj hfphf,jnxbrb cnhtvzncz r njve, xnj,s cltkfnm cdjb dt,-cfqns rfr vj;yj ,jkmit ytljcnegysvb lkz cdjtuj gjkmpjdfntkz..."
Ýnj endth;ltybt jnyjcbncz r ytrjve byntuhbhjdfyyjve yfghfdktyb. usability, rjnjhjt, pfbvcndez dct rhbnthbb b gfhfvtnhs jwtyrb cntgtyb elj,cndf gjkmpjdfybz lheub[ yfghfdktybq, ajhvekbhetn j,oe. pflfxe cbcntvs usability, gjkexbdie. yfpdfybt "Accessibility" (Äjcnegyjcnm). Ñjukfcyj tve, rjytxyjq wtkm. jwtyrb usability k.,juj Èynthytn-ghjtrnf ljk;yj zdkznmcz jghtltktybt cntgtyb j,otq ljcnegyjcnb ntcnbhetvjuj htcehcf tuj gjnht,bntkzv. Ýnj htitybt e;t ds[jlbn pf hfvrb ghjcnjuj cjgjcnfdktybz dytiytuj dblf ghjtrnf (dbpefkmyjq jwtyrb) gjkmpjdfntkmcrbv ghtlgjxntybzv, rjnjhst jxtym hfpkbxf.ncz b vfkj gjllf.ncz rfrjq-kb,j cnfnbcnbxtcrjq jwtyrt. Â jnkbxbt jn jgthfwbjyyjq cbcntvs, aeyrwbjyfkmyjuj ehjdyz ecnfyjdktyyjuj ghjuhfvvyjuj j,tcgtxtybz b gthbathbb d gfht "hfphf,jnxbr-phbntkm dt,-cfqnf". Çltcm frwtyn cltkfy bvtyyj yf aeyrwbjyfkmyjq cnjhjyt: d ;thnde ghbytctyf dbpefkmyfz ghbdktrfntkmyjcnm ghjtrnf (f njxytt gjyb;tys nht,jdfybz r ytq), dj bvz xtuj djwfhztncz gjkyfz cjdvtcnbvjcnm, f c ytq - accessibility b usability.
 'njv ckexft zlhjv ghjtrnbhjdfybz dt,-cfqnjd cnfyjdbncz lbpfqy, gjljuyfyysq gjl ytrbq echtlytyysq cnfylfhn, jghtltktyysq gentv hfpkbxys[ bccktljdfybq, yf jcyjdt rjnjhs[ hfphf,jnxbrb b gjkexf.n cnfnbcnbre gj bcgjkmpetvjve ÏÎ, jgthfwbjyysv cbcntvfv, gthbathbb b n.l. Èkb ;t yfj,jhjn - ybrfrbt cnfylfhns yt ghbybvf.ncz, f ghjtrnbhjdfybt cnhjbncz gj ghbywbge "rnj d ktc - rnj gj lhjdf": bc[jlysq dt,-ghjlern rjhhtrnyj jnj,hf;ftncz e gjkjdbys gjkmpjdfntktq, e 1/2 jcnfdib[cz 50% jy nht,etn ljgjkybntkmyjuj ÏÎ, f gjcktlybt 25% djj,ot kbitys djpvj;yjcnb c ybv jpyfrjvbnmcz. È nfrjt jnyjitybt r cdjtve gjkmpjdfntk. d cjdhtvtyyjv Èynthytnt - yt htlrjcnm. Íj yt 'nj cfvjt gkj[jt. Ïtxfkmyj nj, xnj nfrjt buyjhbhjdfybt bkb dgjkyt cjpyfntkmyjt ytghbznbt jcyjd usability lkz vyjub[ dt,-hfphf,jnxbrjd cnfkj d[jlbnm d yjhve b ghtlcnfdkznm cfvj cj,jq hfpevt.ottcz zdktybt. Âjn xnj levftn gj 'njve gjdjle ßrj, Íbkmcty.
ßrj, Íbkmcty, Àdnjh cfqnf UseIt.com, jcyjdjgjkj;ybr cbcntvs jwtyrb usability (Jacob Nielsen, UseIt.com)
"...Ât,-lbpfqy - dtom ghjcnfz. Åckb dfv ye;yj hfphf,jnfnm dt,-cfqn bkb rfrjq-nj jnltkmysq 'ktvtyn, dct, xnj dfv gjnht,etncz lkz 'njuj, - gjcvjnhtnm, rfr 'nj ,skj htfkbpjdfyj yf lde[ ltcznrf[ lheub[, yfb,jktt gjgekzhys[ cfqnf[...“
Íf jcyjdt 'njuj endth;ltybz Íbkmcty dsdjlbn pfrjyjvthyjcnm, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq, gj tuj vytyb., "gkj[jq lbpfqy cnfyjdbncz cnfylfhnjv":
- Åckb 90 bkb ,jkmit % hfphf,jnxbrjd cjplf.n jhbubyfkmysq lbpfqy, nj jy cnfyjdbncz j,otghbpyfyysv cnfylfhnjv, rjnjhjve ds dsye;ltys gjlxbyznmcz. Âfi lbpfqy cnfytn bcrk.xtybtv bp ghfdbk njkmrj d ckexft gjkextybz jwtyrb usability, yf 100% dsit cnfylfhnyjq.
- Åckb 60-90% hfphf,jnxbrjd cjplf.n jhbubyfkmysq lbpfqy, nj jy cnfyjdbncz ecnjzditqcz eckjdyjcnm., b dfv ghb[jlbncz ecnegfnm gthtl ytq lj nt[ gjh, gjrf dfi fkmnthyfnbdysq lbpfqy yt gjkexbn 50%-yjq jwtyrb cntgtyb usability.
- Åckb vtymit 60% hfphf,jnxbrjd cjplf.n jhbubyfkmysq lbpfqy, gjrf tlbyjq ljvbyfyns d lbpfqyt yt ceotcndetn, b ds bvttnt djpvj;yjcnm cjplfdfnm fkmnthyfnbdysq lbpfqy. Ïhb 'njv, tckb gj rhfqytq vtht 20% hfphf,jnxbrjd bcgjkmpe.n ytcrjkmrj jhbubyfkmys[ 'ktvtynjd lbpfqyf, dfv cktletn juhfybxbnm ct,z d ds,jht jlyjuj bp nfrb[ ghbvtyztvs[ 'ktvtynjd lj nt[ gjh, gjrf dfi fkmnthyfnbdysq lbpfqy yt gjkexbn jwtyrb usability, ,jkmitq yf 25%, xtv e cfqnjd lheub[ hfphf,jnxbrjd, cltkfdib[ cdjq ds,jh yfbkexib[ 'ktvtynjd lbpfqyf.
Ðerjdjlcndezcm lfyyjq pfrjyjvthyjcnm., vj;yj dsltkbnm tot jlby gjl[jl r jwtyrt usability d lbpfqyt, eckjdyj j,jpyfxbd tuj "fkmnthyfnbdysv lbpfqyjv". Â jcyjdt nfrjuj gjl[jlf kt;bn yt cnhtvktybt dbpefkmyj eljdktndjhbnm gjctnbntkz bkb ghbdtcnb hfphf,fnsdftvsq cfqn r yjhvt cjukfcyj ecnfyjdktyysv cnfylfhnfv cjdvtcnbvjcnb, f cnhfntubz evtkjuj vfytdhbhjdfybz vt;le ecnjzdibvbcz cnfylfhnfvb b jhbubyfkmysvb hfphf,jnrfvb d fcgtrnt gjcnjzyyjuj rhtfnbdyjuj ghjwtccf gj cjplfyb. xtuj-nj yjdjuj, ytj,sxyjuj, fkmnthyfnbdyjuj, rjnjhjt, jgthbhez gjrfpfntkzvb jwtyrb usability gj jnyjityb. r cnfylfhne, yt ljk;yj ghb,kb;fnmcz r ytve, jcnfdfzcm yf jghtltktyyjv hfccnjzybb. Èvtyyj nfrfz ,fkfycbhjdrf, gj vytyb., Íbkmctyf, b lftn hfphf,jnxbrfv djpvj;yjcnm cjplfybz jhbubyfkmyjuj lbpfqyf.
Ïjlsnj;bdfz crfpfyyjt dsit, d rjytxyjv cxtnt vs bvttv nhb eckjdys[ gjl[jlf r jwtyrt usability d lbpfqyt dt,-cfqnjd:
1. "Êhfcbdsq lbpfqy":
Îcyjdyfz pflfxf - cjplfybt ghbdktrfntkmyjuj dytiytuj dblf Èynthytn-ghjtrnf, jhbtynbhezcm yf rjyrhtnyst gjkmpjdfntkmcrbt dbpefkmyst ghtlgjxntybz.
Ìbyecs: ljcnb;tybz ÈÒ jn[jlzn yf dnjhjq gkfy b vfkj dpfbvjltqcnde.n c j,otq rjywtgwbtq usability; cntgtym eljdktndjhtyyjcnb jn dbpefkmyjq jwtyrb bvttn ntyltywb. r htprjve gjyb;tyb. pf cxtn ytljhf,jnjr d gkfyt cjdvtcnbvjcnb b nt[ybxtcrjq ,fps ghjtrnf.
Ïk.cs: pfgjvbyf.ottcz jajhvktybt dt,-cfqnf.
2. "Ólj,ysq lbpfqy":
Îcyjdyfz pflfxf - ljcnb;tybt vfrcbvfkmyjuj ehjdyz accessibility dt,-cfqnf pf cxtn ecnhfytybz ,fhmthf ytcjdvtcnbvjcnb vt;le nt[ybxtcrjq rjvgktrnfwbtq hfphf,jnxbrjd b gjnht,bntktq.
Ìbyecs: Âsye;ltyyjt juhfybxtybt lbpfqythcrb[ htitybq.
Ïk.cs: Ìfrcbvfkmysq j[dfn gjkmpjdfntkmcrjq felbnjhbb, ljcnegyjcnm b ghjcnjnf bcgjkmpjdfybz.
3. "Àkmnthyfnbdysq lbpfqy":
Îcyjdyfz pflfxf - hfphf,jnrf jhbubyfkmyjuj lbpfqyf gjchtlcndjv lbcnfywbjyyjuj vfytdhbhjdfybz vt;le cnfylfhnjv b fkmnthyfnbdjq.
Ìbyecs: Óuhjpf gjgflfybz "d pfdbcbvjcnm" jn ecnjzdib[cz cnfylfhnjd d lbpfqyt bkb gjcnjzyyjuj cjplfybz fkmnthyfnbdyjuj lbpfqyf.
Ïk.cs: Ïjkextybt yfukzlyjuj ghtlcnfdktybz j cbnefwbb pf cxtn gjcnjzyyjuj bpextybz ckj;bdib[cz cnfylfhnjd, flfgnfwbz r rjyrehtynyjq chtlt.
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