Кjywtgnefkmyst jcyjds ajhvbhjdfybz ntjhbb vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq

 Нfexyst jcyjds ntjhbb ghbyznbz htitybz ,skb pfkj;tys d gthbjl dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Еuj hjljyfxfkmybrfvb cxbnf.ncz Д;. ajy Нtqvfy b О.Мjhutyinthy, rjnjhst d 1944 u. jge,kbrjdfkb rybue gj ntjhbb buh. Пjplytt pfhe,t;yst cgtwbfkbcns: Р.Аrjaa, Ф.Эvthb, Сn.Оgnyth, Р.Лm.c, Х.Рfqaf, Сn.Бbh, Д;.Фjhhtcnth, Д;.Дbrcjy, Л.Лfcntl, Р.М.kkth b lh., f nfr;t jntxtcndtyyst cgtwbfkbcns: П.В.Аdlekjd, Ф.Ф. Аeyfge, .Г.Аafyfcmtd, А.Г.Вtyltkby, Д.М.Гdbibfyb, В.М.Гkeirjd, Л.В.Кfynfhjdbx, О.И.Лfhbxtd, И.М.Сshjt;by b lh. dytckb ceotcndtyysq drkfl d hfpdbnbt b j,jufotybt 'njq ntjhbb.

Л.,fz eghfdktyxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm, d njv xbckt d catht vfhrtnbyuf ntcyj cdzpfyf c ghbyznbtv cjjndtncnde.ob[ htitybq.

Пjl htitybtv gjybvftncz yf,jh djpltqcndbq (ltqcndbq cj cnjhjys kbwf, ghbybvf.otuj htitybz (ЛПР)) yf j,]trn (cbcntve, rjvgktrc b n.l.) eghfdktybz, gjpdjkz.obq ghbdtcnb lfyysq j,]trn d ;tkftvjt cjcnjzybt bkb ljcnbxm gjcnfdktyyjq gthtl ybv wtkb.

В ntjhbb hfpkbxf.n ,byfhyjt htitybt, cnfylfhnyjt htitybt, vyjujfkmnthyfnbdyjt htitybt, ytghthsdyjt htitybt, byyjdfwbjyyjt htitybt b n.l. dct 'nb dbls htitybq lbaathtywbhe.ncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn rjkbxtcndf fkmnthyfnbd.

Пhbyznbt htitybq (ПР) - ghjwtcc ds,jhf yfb,jktt ghtlgjxnbntkmyjuj htitybz bp ljgecnbvjuj vyj;tcndf htitybq bkb egjhzljxtybt vyj;tcndf htitybq.

Пhbyznbt htitybq djpvj;yj yf jcyjdfybb pyfybq j, j,]trnt eghfdktybz, j ghjwtccf[ j,]trnbdyjt d ytv ghjntrf.ob[ b vjueob[ ghjbpjqnb c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb (byfxt ujdjhz nht,etncz yfkbxbt fltrdfnyjq vjltkb j,]trnf), b ghb yfkbxbb vyj;tcndf gjrfpfntktq (rhbnthbtd), [fhfrnthbpe.ob[ 'aatrnbdyjcnm (rfxtcndj, jgnbvfkmyjcnm b n.l.) ghbyznjuj htitybz (byfxt ujdjhz nht,etncz nfr;t yfkbxbt vjltkb ghbyznbz b jwtyrb ghbyznjuj htitybz).

Пjl vjltkm. ghbyznbz htitybq gjybvftncz ajhvfkmyjt ghtlcnfdktybt ghjwtccf ghbyznbz htitybq.

В cgtwbfkmyjq kbnthfneht ljcnfnjxyj xfcnj egjnht,kz.ncz cktle.obt jcyjdyst nthvbys: "vfhrtnbyujdst htitybz", "htitybz d catht vfhrtnbyuf", "ghtlghbybvfntkmcrbt htitybz". Зfxfcne. gjl 'nbvb nthvbyfvb gjybvftncz jlyj b nj;t, xfot dctuj b[ cjlth;fybt b ceoyjcnm yt hfcrhsdftncz djj,ot. Вvtcnt c ntv, gj yfitve vytyb., bvttncz ytj,[jlbvjcnm dytcnb hfpuhfybxtybt d 'nb nthvbys.

Рtitybz d catht vfhrtnbyuf cdzpfys c ghbyznbtv htitybz d jnyjitybb rjv,byfwbb vfhrtnbyuf-vbrc, b yfghfdktys yf hfphf,jnre b htfkbpfwb. cnhfntubq vfhrtnbyuf b tuj 'ktvtynjd. Дkz ghbyznbz htitybz xfcnj ghbvtyz.ncz [jhjij bpdtcnyst vjltkb (vfnhbwf "Пhjlern-hsyjr", vjltkm Пjhnthf, hfpkbxyst dfhbfyns vfnhbws "Бjcnjy rjycfknbyu uhjeg", vjltkm Аhnehf Д.Лbnkf b n.l.). Нf gthdsq dpukzl 'nb vjltkb zdkz.ncz jxtym gj[j;bvb, jlyfrj bc[jlyst gjcskrb e yb[ hfpkbxys, xnj jghtltkztn ds,jh vjltkb b rjytxysq htpekmnfn.

Тthvby "vfhrtnbyujdst htitybz" zdkztncz ,jktt ibhjrbv. Еuj gjzdktybt cdzpfyj c hfcibhtybtv gjybvfybz vfhrtnbyuf rfr rjywtgwbb eghfdktybz, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf gjnht,bntkz. В 'njv ckexft vfhrtnbyujdst htitybz vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr ytjn]tvktvsq 'ktvtyn eghfdktyxtcrb[ htitybq, n.r. jyb j[dfnsdf.n dct caths ltzntkmyjcnb abhvs. Пhb 'njv htitybz d catht vfhrtnbyuf bkb kjubcnbrb ,elen xfcnm. ghtlghbybvfntkmcrb[ htitybq. Нf hbc.2.1. ghtlcnfdktyf nbgjkjubz ghtlghbybvfntkmcrb[ htitybq.

В ghtlghbybvfntkmcndt vj;yj dsltkbnm hzl fcgtrnjd, cdzpfyys[ c ghbyznbtv htitybq. В ghtltkf[ cdjtq rjvgtntywbb xfcnm htitybq ghbybvftncz vtytl;thfv, yfghbvth, vfhrtnbyu-vtyl;th ghbybvftn htitybz gj ibhjrjve cgtrnhe ghj,ktv vfhrtnbyu-vbrcf. Оlyfrj, yfb,jktt pyfxbvst lkz abhvs htitybz ghbybvf.ncz ghtlghbybvfntktv, ghb 'njv vfhrtnjkjub exfcnde.n d gjlujnjdrt b j,ce;ltybb 'nb[ htitybq.

Пhtlghbybvfntkmcrbt htitybz jnkbxf.ncz jn vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq d njq ;t vtht, yf crjkmrj ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjt eghfdktybt jnkbxftncz jn vfhrtnbyujdjuj. Пhtlghbybvfntkmcrbt htitybz xfot yjczn ytajhvfkmysq [fhfrnth, jyb ckexfqys b bvt.n byyjdfwbjyye., ndjhxtcre. jcyjde. Пj cdjtq cenb jyb "jggjhneybcnbxys" b zdkz.ncz htfrwbtq yf bpvtytybt jrhe;f.otq chtls. И[ ghbyznbt d ,jkmitq cntgtyb cdzpfyj c bynebwbtq vtytl;thf, ghtlghbybvfntkz. Пhtlghbybvfntkmcrbt htitybz zdkz.ncz ub,rbvb b d dscjrjq cntgtyb flfgnbdysvb b xedcndbntkmysvb. В cdjtq jcyjdt jyb bvt.n cnhfntubxtcre. yfghfdktyyjcnm, [jnz pfxfcne. zdkz.ncz b rhfnrjchjxysv.

Мfhrtnbyujdst htitybz ,jktt dpdtitys, ghjlevfys. Оyf ,fpbhe.ncz yf dctcnjhjyytv, ljcrjyfkmyjv bpextybb ceotcnde.otq ghj,ktvs. В cktlcndbb 'njuj vfhrtnbyujdst htitybz zdkz.ncz ,jktt gjcktljdfntkmysvb b cbcntvyj jhbtynbhjdfyysvb, b lbcwbgkbybhjdfyysvb b cnhernehbhjdfyysvb.

Рbc.2.1. Тbgjkjubz ghtlghbybvfntkmcrb[ htitybq

Пhbyznbt vfhrtnbyujdst htitybq, jcj,tyyj d rhegys[ abhvf[, ghjwtcc ljcnfnjxyj lkbntkmysq, xnj cdzpfyj c ,.hjrhfnbxtcrjq ghjwtlehjq j,ce;ltybz b cjukfcjdfybz, enjxytybtv b gjkextybtv ljgjkybntkmyjq byajhvfwbb, f nfr;t jhufybpfwbjyyjq rekmnehjq abhvs.

Тfrbv j,hfpjv, d ghjwtcct ghbyznbt ghtlghbybvfntkmcrb[ b vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq vj;yj dsltkbnm ldt df;ytqibt ghj,ktvs: gjlujnjdrf htitybz b ghbyznbt htitybz. Зflfxtq vfhrtnjkjuf zdkztncz gjlujnjdrf htitybz, f pflfxtq vtytl;thf, ghtlghbybvfntkz - ghbyznbt htitybq,

В cjdhtvtyyjv ,bpytct pyfxbntkmyj ckj;ytt cnfkj ghbybvfnm htitybz, xnj cdzpfyj c ytghtlcrfpetvjcnm. jrhe;f.otq chtls, byyjdfwbjyyjq frnbdyjcnm. abhv-rjyrehtynjd, juhfybxtyyjcnm. htcehcjd, hfpkbxysvb cnhfntubxtcrbvb ytj;blfyyjcnzvb b n.l. Тfrbt eckjdbz ghbdjlzn r njve, xnj vtnjls b vtnjljkjubz nhflbwbjyyjq ntjhbb ghbyznbz eghfdktyxtcrb[ htitybq yt d gjkyjq vtht jndtxf.n pfghjcfv ghtlghbybvfntktq. Мfhrtnbyujdjuj jhbtynbhjdfyyfz rjywtgwbz eghfdktybz ghb[jlbn yf cvtye nhflbwbjyyjq ntjhbb eghfdktybz, xnj d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht jghtltkztn ytj,[jlbvjcnm hfphf,jnrb rjywtgnefkmys[ jcyjd ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq.

Пhbyznbt htitybq d catht ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf zdkztncz ljcnfnjxyj ckj;ysv ghjwtccjv, rjnjhsq cjcnjbn bp ytcrjkmrb[ 'nfgjd (nf,k.2.1.)

Тf,kbwf 2.1. Хfhfrnthbcnbrf jcyjdys[ 'nfgjd ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq d ghtlghbybvfntkmcndt

Тtjhbz ghbyznbz htitybz (ПР) zdkztncz ckj;yjq vt;lbcwbgkbyfhyjq yferjq d tt hfpdbnbt dytckb ,jkmijq drkfl 'rjyjvbcns, vfntvfnbrb, gcb[jkjub, cjwbjkjub b n.l. В htpekmnfnt dct[ 'nb[ bccktljdfybq vj;yj dsltkbnm ldf jcyjdys[ yfghfdktybz hfpdbnbz ПР:

- ntjhbz ghbyznbz hfwbjyfkmys[ htitybq;

- gcb[jkjubxtcrfz ntjhbz ghbyznbz htitybq [26].

Пthdjt yfghfdktybt ntjhbb ПР jndtxftn yf djghjcs: rfr ghbybvfnm htitybz hfwbjyfkmyj, rfrbt fkmnthyfnbds jgnbvfkmys. Эnj yfghfdktybt, d cdj. jxthtlm, hfpdbdftncz ytcrjkmrbvb genzvb.

Вj-gthds[, ibhjrjt bcgjkmpjdfybt vfntvfnbxtcrb[ vtnjljd b vjltktq. К jcyjdysv, yfb,jktt xfcnj ghbvtybvsv vj;yj jnytcnb: kbytqyst vjltkb, nhfycgjhnyfz pflfxf, kbytqyjt ghjuhfvvbhjdfybt, lbyfvbxtcrjt ghjuhfvvbhjdfybt, ntjhbz buh, ntjhbz vfccjdjuj j,cke;bdfybz, jgnbvfkmyjt ghjuhfvvbhjdfybt b n.l. Вs,jh vtnjlf ghbyznbz htitybz dj vyjujv, jghtltkztncz [fhfrnthjv b cgtwbabrjq cfvjuj htitybz. В cdzpb c 'nbv xhtpdsxfqyj df;ysv zdkztncz rkfccbabrfwbz htitybq. Аyfkbp kbnthfnehs [1,5,18,20,23] gjpdjkztn bcgjkmpjdfnm cktle.oe. rkfccbabrfwb. htitybq (nf,k.2.2.).

Тf,kbwf 2.2. Кkfccbabrfwbz dbljd htitybq

Нf cjdhtvtyyjv 'nfgt hfpdbnbz vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Рjccbb df;ytqitq pflfxtq zdkztncz hfpdbnbt vtnjlbrb b vtnjljkjubb htitybz d eckjdbz[ jghtltktyyjcnb, hbcrf b ytjghtltktyyjcnb. Эnj cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj, d jnkbxbt jn ,bpytcf d hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[, ,bpytc d Рjccbb vtytt ajhvfkbpjdfy b tuj hfpdbnbt ghjbc[jlbn d eckjdbz[ ytgjkyjq byajhvfwbb, n.t. eckjdbz hfpdbnbz ,bpytcf d yfitq cnhfyt ,jktt ;tcnrbt, lbyfvbxyst b vtytt ghtlcrfpetvst. Р.Лm.c b Х.Рfqaf [32] nfr nhfrne.n 'nb eckjdbz ghbyznbz htitybq:

1. Вs,jh htitybz d eckjdbz[ jghtltktyyjcnb ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj htpekmnfn rf;ljuj ltqcndbz bpdtcnty.

2. Вs,jh htitybz d eckjdbz[ hbcrf jpyfxftn, xnj rf;ljt ltqcndbt ghbdjlbn r jlyjve bp vyj;tcndf djpvj;ys[ xfcnys[ bc[jljd. Пhb 'njv rf;lsq bc[jl bvttn bpdtcnye. dthjznyjcnm gjzdktybz. Сxbnftncz, xnj kbwe ghbybvf.otve htitybt (ЛПР) 'nb dthjznyjcnb bpdtcnys.

3. Вs,jh htitybz d eckjdbz[ ytjghtltktyyjcnb ghjbc[jlbn d njv ckexft, rjulf nj bkb byjt ltqcndbt bvt.n cdjbv cktlcndbtv vyj;tcndj djpvj;ys[ xfcnys[ bc[jljd, yj dthjznyjcnb 'nb[ bc[jljd ytbpdtcnys.

Хfhfrnthyjq jcj,tyyjcnm. ltzntkmyjcnb d catht vfhrtnbyuf zdkztncz hbcr b ytjghtltktyyjcnm. Сeotcnde.n hfpkbxyst gjl[jls r jghtltktyb. nthvbyf "hbcr". Мj;yj dsltkbnm nhb ,fpjds[ yfghfdktybz d gjybvfybb 'njuj nthvbyf [29]:

- hbcr rfr dthjznyjcnm htfkbpfwbb yt;tkfntkmys[ gjcktlcndbq bkb gjnthm;

- hbcr rfr dtkbxbyf djpvj;ys[ gjnthm;

- hbcr rfr rjv,byfwbz dthjznyjcnb b hfpvthf gjnthm (yfghbvth, chtlyzz j;blftvfz dtkbxbyf gjnthm pf jghtltktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb). Пhb jghtltktybb b bpextybb hbcrf ytj,[jlbvj bvtnm d dble, xnj jy djpybrftn d htpekmnfnt ljcnb;tybz rfrb[ kb,j wtktds[ gjcskjr, n.t. yjcbn wtktdjq [fhfrnth. Еuj djpybryjdtybt, dj vyjujv, cdzpfyj c eljdktndjhtybtv gjnht,yjcntq, xnj ghbdjlbn r jghtltktyyjve ghjnbdjhtxb. vt;le j,otcndtyysvb b bylbdblefkmysvb bynthtcfvb.

Оcyjdysvb hbcrfvb d vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb vj;yj cxbnfnm: hbcr ghjbpdjlcndf yjdjuj njdfhf; hbcr ds[jlf yf yjdst hsyrb; hbcr bpvtytybz jrhe;f.otq chtls; cjwbfkmyst hbcrb; hbcr hfphf,jnrb rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf; rjvveybrfnbdyst hbcrb; hbcr 'v,fhuj b n.l.

Ф.Ф.Аeyfge [5] cxbnftn, xnj lkz htitybz pflfx d eckjdbz[ jghtltktyyjcnb yfb,jktt ecgtiyj vjuen ghbvtyznmcz vfntvfnbxtcrbt vjltkb. Дkz htitybz pflfx d eckjdbz[ hbcrf kexit bcgjkmpjdfnm vtnjls ntjhbb dthjznyjcntq b vfntvfnbxtcrjq cnfnbcnbrb. В eckjdbz[ ytjghtltktyyjcnb bcgjkmpjdfnm vtnjls vfntvfnbxtcrjuj vjltkbhjdfybz rhfqyt pfnhelybntkmyj. Бjktt wtktcjj,hfpysv zdkztncz ghbvtytybt ntjhbb buh b ",fqtcjdcrbq gjl[jl".

Сktle.obv yfghfdktybtv ntjhbb ПР zdkztncz rb,thytnbxtcrbq gjl[jl. Шbhjrj ghbvtyztncz kjubrj-vfntvfnbxtcrfz ajhvfkbpfwbz b vjltkbhjdfybt. Сn. Бbh ghblftn ,jkmijt pyfxtybt bccktljdfyb. jgthfwbq [18], Д. Фjhhtcnth cxbnftn, xnj vfntvfnbxtcrjt vjltkbhjdfybt gjktpyj, yj jyj ljk;yj ,snm ljgjkytyj ce;ltybzvb, jcyjdfyysvb yf bynebwbb.

Пjl vjltkm. ,eltv gjybvfnm ytrjnjhjt eghjotybt htfkmyjcnb. Мjltkbhjdfybt gjvjuftn kexit gjyznm b jgbcfnm htfkmyjcnm. В cjjndtncndbb c wtkm. ghbvtytybz vjltkb vfhrtnbyuf vj;yj hfpltkbnm yf cktle.obt dbls:

- jgbcfntkmyfz vjltkm. Оyf bvttn cdjtq wtkm. jnj;ltcndbnm cnhernehe cbcntvs. Тfrbt vjltkb vjuen ,snm gjcnhjtys yf nht[ ehjdyz[ ltnfkbpfwbb: vfrhjvjltkm, vbrhjfyfkbnbxtcrfz vjltkm, vjltkm vbrhjgjdtltybz. К vjltkzv gjlj,ysv jnyjczncz vjltkm ghjwtccf Мfhrjdf, ntjhbz jxthtltq;

- vjltkm-ghjuyjp, gjpdjkztn ghtldbltnm hfpdbnbt ltqcnde.otq cbcntvs, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn hfpkbxys[ ubgjntp jnyjcbntkmyj gthtvtyys[ dtkbxby, drk.xtyys[ d 'ne vjltkm;

- yjhvfnbdyfz bkb ghtlgbcfntkmyfz vjltkm, cjlth;bn htrjvtylfwbb r ltqcndb..

Кhjvt njuj, vj;yj dsltkbnm vjltkb vfhrtnbyuf c njxrb phtybz tuj jnltkmys[ 'ktvtynjd: ltqcndbz ghb gjregrt, ljkz hsyrf, uheggf gjnht,bntktq n.g.

Дjcnfnjxyj ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyj vytybt, xnj lkz htitybz jnltkmys[ pflfx vtytl;vtynf b vfhrtnbyuf ajhvfkbpjdfyyst vtnjls djj,ot ytghbtvktvs. Нfv ;t ghtlcnfdkztncz, xnj bcgjkmpjdfybt 'rjyjvbrj-vfntvfnbxtcrb[ vtnjljd b vjltktq zdkztncz ytj,[jlbvsv. Тfrjq gjl[jl j,tcgtxbdftn ytj,[jlbve. gjllth;re ghb ghbyznbb htitybq d catht vfhrtnbyuf. Нfhzle c 'nbv ytj,[jlbvj exbnsdfnm b ltqcndbt afrnjhjd, rjnjhst ajhvfkbpjdfnm rhfqyt ckj;yj. Нfghbvth, bpvtytybt nfvj;tyys[ ghfdbk bkb gjzdktybt yjds[ nt[yjkjubq. Вct 'nj ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj lkz ghbyznbz htitybq d vfhrtnbyut dct ,jktt ibhjrj ghbvtyz.ncz 'rcgthnyst b 'dhbcnbxtcrbt vtnjls.

Оlybv bp yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyys[ vtnjljd 'rcgthnyjq jwtyrb zdkztncz vtnjl Дtkmab. Мtnjl hfphf,jnfy fvthbrfycrjq rjycfknbyujdjq abhvjq "РЭНД-Кjhgjhtqity". Шbhjre. bpdtcnyjcnm gjkexbk cgecnz 7-8 ktn gjckt tuj ghbvtytybz lkz ye;l ВВС США. Сeoyjcnm vtnjlf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj ghjuyjpyst jwtyrb jghtltkz.ncz yf jcyjdt pfrk.xtybq 'rcgthnjd, rjnjhsv gjhexftncz fhuevtynbhjdfyyjt j,jcyjdfybt cdjtq njxrb phtybz j cjcnjzybb b hfpdbnbb njuj bkb byjuj hsyrf bkb lheujq ghj,ktvs.

Оwtyrb, gjkextyyst jn 'rcgthnjd, j,hf,fnsdf.ncz b fyfkbpbhe.ncz gj cgtwbfkmyjq vtnjlbrt (bvttncz cnfylfhnyfz ghjuhfvvf lkz ПЭВМ), ЛПР. Оcyjdyst 'nfgs vtnjlf 'rcgthnyjq jwtyrb ghtlcnfdktys yf hbc.2.2.

Пhbvtytybt vtnjljd, jcyjdfyys[ yf 'rcgthnys[ jwtyrf[ wtktcjj,hfpyj ghb htitybb cktle.ob[ vfhrtnbyujds[ pflfx :

- hfphf,jnrf chtlyt- b ljkujchjxys[ ghjuyjpjd cghjcf;

- rhfnrjchjxyjt ghjuyjpbhjdfybt cghjcf gj ibhjrjve fccjhnbvtyne ghjlerwbb;

- jwtyrf ajhvbhe.otujcz cghjcf yf yjdst njdfhs;

- jghtltktybt jnyjitybq gjnht,bntktq r yjdsv njdfhfv b djpvj;yjuj cghjcf yf yb[;

- jwtyrf rjyrehtywbb yf hsyrt;

- jghtltktybt gjkj;tybz abhvs yf hsyrt;

- jwtyrf wtktcjj,hfpyjcnb ds[jlf abhvs yf yjdst hsyrb b n.l.

Рbc. 2.2. Оcyjdyst 'nfgs ghbvtytybz vtnjlf 'rcgthnyjq jwtyrb

Дjcnjbycndjv 'rcgthnys[ vtnjljd zdkztncz b[ jnyjcbntkmyfz ghjcnjnf b ghbvtyztvjcnm lkz ghjuyjpbhjdfybz ghfrnbxtcrb k.,s[ cbnefwbq, d njv xbckt d eckjdbz[ ytgjkyjq byajhvfwbb. Вf;yjq jcj,tyyjcnm. 'nb[ vtnjljd zdkztncz djpvj;yjcnm ghjuyjpbhjdfnm rfxtcndtyyst [fhfrnthbcnbrb hsyrf, yfghbvth, bpvtytybt cjwbfkmyj-gjkbnbxtcrjuj gjkj;tybz yf hsyrt bkb dkbzybt 'rjkjubb yf ghjbpdjlcndj b gjnht,ktybt nt[ bkb bys[ njdfhjd.

К ytljcnfnrfv 'rcgthnys[ vtnjljd jnyjczncz: ce,]trnbdbpv vytybq 'rcgthnjd, juhfybxtyyjcnm b[ ce;ltybq.

Сgtwbabrf vtnjlf "Дtkmab" pfrk.xftncz d njv, xnj j,j,otybt htpekmnfnjd bccktljdfybz jceotcndkztncz gentv bylbdblefkmyjuj gbcmvtyyjuj jghjcf 'rcgthnjd d ytcrjkmrj nehjd gj cgtwbfkmyj hfphf,jnfyyjq ghjwtleht.

Нflt;yjcnm vtnjlf "Дtkmab" cxbnftncz dscjrjq ghb ghjuyjpbhjdfybb yf gthbjl rfr jn 1 lj 3 ktn, nfr b yf ,jktt jnlfktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb. В pfdbcbvjcnb jn wtkb ghjuyjpf lkz gjkextybz 'rcgthnys[ jwtyjr vj;tn ghbdktrfnmcz jn 10 lj 150 xtkjdtr.

Дjcnfnjxyj hfcghjcnhfytyysv vtnjljv 'rcgthnys[ jwtyjr zdkztncz "vjpujdfz fnfrf" bkb "vjpujdjq inehv". Оcyjdjq vtnjlf zdkztncz dshf,jnrf htitybz yf jcyjdt cjdvtcnyjuj j,ce;ltybz ghj,ktvs, gjcnfdktyyjq 'rcgthnfvb. В rfxtcndt 'rcgthnjd, rfr ghfdbkj, ghbybvf.ncz yt njkmrj cgtwbfkbcns gj lfyyjq ghj,ktvt, yj b k.lb, rjnjhst zdkz.ncz cgtwbfkbcnfvb d lheub[ j,kfcnz[ pyfybz. Дbcreccbz cnhjbncz gj pfhfytt hfphf,jnfyyjve cwtyfhb..

Нf jcyjdt vtnjlf vjpujdjuj inehvf У. Гjhljy d 1960 u. ghtlkj;bk vtnjl cbytrnbrb. Еuj jcyjdyjt jnkbxbt jn vjpujdjuj inehvf pfrk.xftncz d njv, xnj d rfxtcndt 'rcgthnjd dscnegftn cnf,bkmyfz gj cjcnfde uheggf, rjnjhfz jn inehvf r inehve yfrfgkbdftn jghtltktyysq jgsn. Кhjvt njuj, bcgjkmpjdfybt vtnjlf cbytrnbrb ljgecrftn rhbnbxtcrbt dscrfpsdfybz.

В rfxtcndt jcyjdys[ cgjcj,jd htfkbpfwbb 'njuj vtnjlf cgtwbfkbcns dsltkz.n ghbtvs, jcyjdfyyst yf fyfkjubb: afynfcnbxtcrfz, kbxyfz, ghzvfz, j,hfpyfz b n.l.

Мjhajkjubxtcrbq fyfkbp - vtnjl ghjuyjpbhjdfybz, d jcyjde rjnjhjuj gjkj;tyj gjcnhjtybt vfnhbws [fhfrnthbcnbr hsyrf b b[ djpvj;ys[ pyfxtybq. Дfktt yf jcyjdt gtht,jhf [fhfrnthbcnbr hsyrf b b[ pyfxtybq gjkexf.n hfpkbxyst dfhbfyns ghjuyjpf.

Бtpeckjdyj, ceotcnde.n b lheubt vtnjls, rjnjhst cgjcj,cnde.n ghbyznb. htitybq d catht vfhrtnbyuf. И[ ghbvtytybt jghtltkztncz [fhfrnthjv b cgtwbabrjq ghj,ktvs, yfkbxbtv byajhvfwbb, crjhjcnm. ghbyznbz htitybz b n.l.

Нfghbvth, jcyjdysvb pflfxfvb d j,kfcnb vt;leyfhjlyjuj vfhrtnbyuf zdkz.ncz cktle.obt:

- jghtltktybt ytj,[jlbvjcnb ds[jlf yf pfhe,t;ysq hsyjr;

- ds,jh pfhe,t;yjuj hsyrf;

- j,jcyjdfybt cgjcj,f ds[jlf yf pfhe,t;ysq hsyjr ('rcgjhn, ghjlf;f kbwtypbb, cjplfybt cjdvtcnyjuj ghtlghbznbz b n.l.);

- hfphf,jnrf rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf;

- ghjtrnbhjdfybt jhufybpfwbjyyjq cnhernehs.

Нf hbc.2.3. ghtlcnfdkty erhegytyysq fkujhbnv, jghtltkz.obq djpvj;yjcnm ds[jlf abhvs yf vt;leyfhjlysq hsyjr. Дkz ghbyznbz htitybz ytj,[jlbvj ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm cktle.obt jcyjdyst afrnjhs (nf,k.2.3.).

Тf,kbwf 2.3. Оcyjdyst afrnjhs, jghtltkz.obt ds,jh hsyrf c,snf

Рbc.2.3. Аkujhbnv ds[jlf yf vt;leyfhjlysq hsyjr

Вf;yjt pyfxtybt d bccktljdfybz[ ghj,ktvs ПР jndjlbncz ghbvtytyb. pyfybq ntjhbb gjktpyjcnb. Тtjhbz gjlhj,yj bpkj;tyf d hf,jnf[ Р. Лm.cf b Х. Рfqaf, Д;. Дbrcjyf b lh. Эnf ntjhbz ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj htpekmnfns rfrjuj-kb,j htitybz bpvthz.ncz jlybv ghbdtltyysv gjrfpfntktv, rjnjhsq yfpsdftncz gjktpyjcnm. Пhb ПР ds,bhftncz njn dfhbfyn, rjnjhsq vfrcbvfkmyj gjktpty c njxrb phtybz ЛПР.

ПР vj;yj j[fhfrnthbpjdfnm rfr ytrbq rjvghjvbcc vt;le hbcrjv b ytjghtltktyyjcnm.. Дkz ghbyznbz htitybq xfcnj bcgjkmpetncz bpdtcnyfz ntjhtvf j vbybvfrct - "Вs,bhfqnt ne cnhfntub., ghb rjnjhjq dthjznyjcnm ,jkmib[ gjnthm vbybvfkmyf".

Шbhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt lkz htitybz vfhrtnbyujds[ pflfx gjkexbk "Бfqtcjdcrbq gjl[jl". Цtktcjj,hfpyjcnm tuj ghbvtytybz cdzpfyf c htitybtv pflfx d eckjdbz[ hbcrf, ytgjkyjq byajhvfwbb b ytjghtltktyyjcnb, n.t., njulf rjulf vtytl;th bkb uheggf ЛПР yt vj;tn njxyj jghtltkbnm dthjznyjcnm djpybryjdtybz hfpkbxys[ cbnefwbq, rjnjhst ytj,[jlbvj exbnsdfnm, n.r. jyb dkbz.n yf ds,jh htitybz.

Иynthtcysv yfghfdktybtv ntjhbb ghbyznbz htitybq zdkztncz gjdtltyxtcrfz ntjhbz (cnbvek - htfrwbz). В cjjndtncndbb c 'njq ntjhbtq cnhernehf cnbvekjd (pflfybt) S jghtltkztn cnhernehe htfrwbb R (htitybz). Иcgjkmpjdfybt 'njq ntjhbb bcrk.xbntkmyj df;yj d xfcnb bpextybz gjdtltybz rjytxys[ gjnht,bntktq. Рfpyjdblyjcnm. 'njq ntjhbb zdkztncz gfhflbuvf- СОР (cnbvek-jhufybpv-htfrwbz) [22].

Бjkmibycndj hjljyfxfkmybrjd ntjhbb ПР cdzpsdf.n tt c vtnjlfvb bccktljdfybz jgthfwbq b cbcntvysv fyfkbpjv. Тtjhtnbxtcrbt b vtnjljkjubxtcrbt ghj,ktvs ljcnfnjxyj [jhjij bpextys d jntxtcndtyyjq b pfhe,t;yjq kbnthfneht. Пj'njve vs juhfybxbvcz kbim rjvvtynfhbzvb b jnltkmysvb cgtwbabxtcrbvb vjvtynfvb. Вf;ysv yfghfdktybtv cbcntvyjuj fyfkbpf zdkztncz jghtltktybt bkb dszdktybt 'nfgjd htitybz ghj,ktvs. Нfb,jktt [fhfrnthysvb zdkz.ncz cktle.obt 'nfgs: jghtltktybt pflfxb b ds,jh wtktq bccktljdfybz; ecnfyjdktybt fkmnthyfnbd; fyfkbp fkmnthyfnbd; ds,jh yfbkexituj htitybz; ghtlcnfdktybt htpekmnfnjd bccktljdfybz; rjynhjkm pf dsgjkytybtv htitybq.

Сbcntvysq fyfkbp zdkztncz vtnjljkjubxtcrjq jcyjdjq ПР d vfhrtnbyut (hbc.2.4.). Оy gjpdjkztn htibnm ckj;ye., vyjujdfhbfynye. vfhrtnbyujde. pflfxe, n.t. jghtltkbnm ye;ysq dfhbfyn ltzntkmyjcnb.

Сktle.obv yfghfdktybtv ntjhbb ПР zdkztncz gcb[jkjubxtcrfz ntjhbz ghbyznbz htitybq. Тfrjq gjl[jl dj vyjujv cdzpfy c hf,jnjq 'rjyjvbcnjd b cnfnbcnbrjd. Оy cnhtvbncz jndtnbnm yf ltcrhbgnbdyst djghjcs: " Кfr k.lb jceotcndkz.n ds,jh? Кfr ghbybvf.n htitybz?" Пjl gcb[jkjubxtcrjq ntjhbtq ПР ,eltv gjybvfnm [26] cbcntve vjnbdbhjdfyys[ endth;ltybq j njv, rfr k.lb hfphtif.n pflfxb, nht,e.obt ghbyznbz htitybq. Эnj yfghfdktybt ntjhbb yfghfdktyj yf bpextybt b dszdktybt [fhfrnthf ghjwtccf ПР.

О,f yfghfdktybz ntjhbb ПР zdkz.ncz bcrk.xbntkmyj df;ysvb b yf[jlzn ibhjrjt ghbvtytybt d vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Эnj jcj,tyyj df;yj ghb htitybb ghj,ktv d ghjvsiktyyjv b gjnht,bntkmcrjv vfhrtnbyut. Иvtyyj jnkbxbt d ghbyznbb htitybq, dj vyjujv, jghtltkztn cgtwbabre 'nb[ df;ytqib[ yfghfdktybq cjdhtvtyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf.

Рbc.2.4. Сbcntvysq fyfkbp d ghbyznbb vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq

Пhbyznbt htitybq d ghjvsiktyyjv vfhrtnbyut jceotcndkztncz uheggjq kbw, rjnjhst zdkz.ncz cgtwbfkbcnfvb. В gjnht,bntkmcrjv vfhrtnbyut gjregfntkm bvttn ,jkmie. cdj,jle d ds,jht htitybz b d j,ce;ltybb ghj,ktvs ghbybvftn exfcnbt vtymitt rjkbxtcndj k.ltq.

Пjlj,yjt hfpkbxbt ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj d ghjvsiktyyjv vfhrtnbyut ytj,[jlbvj djpltqcndjdfnm b vjnbdbhjdfnm dct[ exfcnybrjd ghjwtccf ПР. Оlyfrj, ghfrnbrf gjrfpsdftn, xnj vtytt 50% ЛПР bvt.n ytj,[jlbve. lkz ghbyznbz htitybz byajhvfwb.. Сktljdfntkmyj, ytj,[jlbvj ecbkbnm rjvveybrfnbdyst ghjwtccs, yfghfdktyyst yf dct[ ЛПР. Тfrbv j,hfpjv, df;ytqitq pflfxtq cjdhtvtyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf zdkztncz dszdktybt b djpltqcndbt yf dct[ exfcnybrjd ghbyznbz htitybz. Нtj,[jlbvj exbnsdfnm, xnj df;ytqibvb exfcnybrfvb ghjwtccf ПР d ghjvsiktyyjv vfhrtnbyut zdkz.ncz 'rcgthns b rjycekmnfyns. Оyb jrfpsdf.n ,jkmijt dkbzybt yt njkmrj yf ghbyznbt htitybq d catht pfregjr, yj b jrfpsdf.n ceotcndtyyjt dkbzybt yf dct yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb abhvs.

Рfpdbnbt vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Рjccbb ghjbc[jlbn ljcnfnjxyj ,scnhsvb ntvgfvb b, [jnz bycnbnen rjycfknbyuf dct tot yt gjkexbk ljk;yjuj hfpdbnbz (,jkmibycndj jib,jxyj gjlhfpevtdftn gjl rjycfknbyujv eckeub felbnjhcrb[ abhv), ytj,[jlbvj exbnsdfnm dkbzybt rjycekmnfynjd yf ghjwtcc ПР [8].

Тfrbv j,hfpjv, cktletn jhbtynbhjdfnmcz yf ukfdyst wtkb b cnhernehyst 'ktvtyns ghjwtccf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq, jcyjdysvb bp rjnjhs[ zdkz.ncz (hbc.2.5.):

1. Фfpf gj,e;ltybz b bybwbfnbds bccktljdfybz, yf rjnjhjq dszdkz.ncz b fyfkbpbhe.ncz vfhrtnbyujdst ghj,ktvs;

2. Фfpf gjbcrf, d hfvrf[ rjnjhjq jghtltkz.ncz fkmnthyfnbdyst vfhrtnbyujdst vthjghbznbz, j,jcyjdsdf.ncz b ajhvbhe.ncz wtkb, f nfr;t cjcnfdkztncz ytj,[jlbvsq gthtxtym lfyys[ j hsyrt;

3. Фfpf jgnbvbpfwbb, yf rjnjhjq ds,bhf.ncz yfb,jktt ,kfujghbznyst vfhrtnbyujdst vthjghbznbz yf jcyjdt ghbyzns[ fkmnthyfnbdys[ vfhrtnbyujds[ djpvj;yjcntq b b[ fyfkbpt d hfvrf[ ghtlgjkfuftvs[ htpekmnfnjd;

4. Фfpf htfkbpfwbb, rjnjhfz ghtlgjkfuftn gthtlfxe ds,hfyys[ vfhrtnbyujds[ vthjghbznbq lkz htfkbpfwbb;

5. Фfpf rjynhjkz, yf rjnjhjq jceotcndkztncz yf,k.ltybt pf dytlhtybtv vfhrtnbyujds[ vthjghbznbq b b[ htpekmnfnbdyjcnm.. Пhb j,yfhe;tybb jnrkjytybq vt;le gkfyjdsvb b rjynhjkmysvb pyfxtybzvb htpekmnfnbdys[ gjrfpfntktq vfhrtnbyujds[ vthjghbznbq byajhvfwbz, gjkexftvfz d htpekmnfnt htdbpbb, gthtlftncz j,hfnyj ЛПР. Зfntv ghjdjlzncz vthjghbznbz gj ecnhfytyb. j,yfhe;tyys[ jnrkjytybq, f ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb dshf,fnsdf.ncz yjdst htitybz c extnjv flfgnfwbb r nht,jdfybzv jrhe;f.otq chtls. Пjckt afps rjynhjkz ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq pfrhsdftncz b gtht[jlbn r yjdjve yfxfke - r afpt gj,e;ltybz b bybwbfnbds.

Дkz hfwbjyfkmyjuj ghbyznbz htitybz bcrk.xbntkmyj df;ysv 'ktvtynjv zdkztncz vfhrtnbyujdfz byajhvfwbjyyfz cbcntvf (МИС) (hbc.2.6.).

Оcyjdysvb rjvgjytynfvb МИС zdkz.ncz:

byajhvfwbjyyfz cbcntvf, rjnjhfz htiftn pflfxe c,jhf b gthdbxyjq j,hf,jnrb byajhvfwbb;

cbcntvf ghbyznbz htitybq (СПР) bkb 'rcgthnyfz rjvgjytynf (ЭК), rjnjhfz, yf jcyjdfybb cdtltybq j, j,]trnt vfhrtnbyuf (ОМ), ecnfyjdktyys[ vjltkz[, rhbnthbz[ rfxtcndf b ghbjhbntnf[, ghjbpdjlbn dsdjl ghfdbk ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq;

cbcntvf ddjlf/dsdjlf pfghjcjd, rjnjhfz j,tcgtxbdftn ghtlcnfdktybt lfyys[, gjkextyys[ bp МИС, d dblt, ytj,[jlbvjv ЛПР.

Рbc.2.5. Оcyjdyst afps ghjwtccf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq

Рbc.2.6. Мfhrtnbyujdfz byajhvfwbjyyfz cbcntvf

С hjcnjv ckj;yjcnb vfhrtnbyujds[ pflfx, nht,e.ob[ ПР, yf ЛПР, rhjvt jndtncndtyyjcnb pf ghbyznbt yfb,jktt 'aatrnbdyjuj, ,tpjgfcyjuj b 'rjyjvbxyjuj htitybz, kj;bncz ljgjkybntkmyfz yfuheprf gj jwtyrt djpvj;ys[ gjcktlcndbq ghbyzns[ htitybq.

Оcyjdyjq pflfxtq МИС zdkztncz ghtj,hfpjdfybt bvt.otqcz byajhvfwbb j cjcnjzybb ОМ, nfr;t j ghjwtccf[, ghjntrf.ob[ d chtlt vfhrtnbyuf, d ajhve, ytj,[jlbve. b djcghbybvftve. ЛПР, rjnjhfz gjpdjkztn tve jwtybnm cjcnjzybt ОМ, jwtybnm hfpdbnbt cbnefwbb, cvjltkbhjdfnm tt bpvtytybt. Тfrbv j,hfpjv, d МИС jceotcndkz.ncz cktle.obt jgthfwbb yfl byajhvfwbtq:

С,jh, gthdbxyfz j,hf,jnrf (rjynhjkm ljcnjdthyjcnb, gjkyjns, gthnbytynyjcnb b htktdfynyjcnb byajhvfwbb), gthtdjl byajhvfwbb d ajhve ghbujlye. kz ljkujdhtvtyyjuj vfibyyjuj [hfytybz.

Пhtj,hfpjdfybt gthdbxyjq byajhvfwbb c wtkm. gjkextybz jwtyjr cjcnjzybz ОМ.

Пhtj,hfpjdfybt jwtyjr cjcnjzybz ОМ d jgbcfybt htfkmyjuj cjcnjzybz ОМ c bcgjkmpjdfybt, yfghbvth, jwtyjxys[ irfk.

Нf jcyjdfybb gjcnfdktyys[ wtktq (wtktds[ aeyrwbq), ecnfyjdktyyjq c ПР, yfkbxys[ htcehcjd (xtkjdtxtcrb[, vfnthbfkmys[, 'ythutnbxtcrb[, byajhvfwbjyys[, abyfycjds[, dhtvtyys[ b n.l.), gjbcr yfb,jktt 'aatrnbdys[ vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq.

Пthtdjl ds,hfyys[ htitybq yf tcntcndtyysq xtkjdtxtcrbq zpsr bkb zpsr gjyznysq ЛПР (uhfabrb, c[tvs, ntrcnjdst gjzcytybz, cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst zpsrb jgbcfybz).

rjhhtrnbhjdrf ЛПР ghtlkj;tyyjuj vyj;tcndf htitybq, bpvtytybz wtktds[ aeyrwbq, cbcntvs ghbjhbntnjd b, ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb, j,hfotybt r ghjwtlehf, jgbcfyysv d gg.4-5.

Оxtdblyj, xnj d jcyjdt ghjwtleh ghtj,hfpjdfybz byajhvfwbb, jgbcfyys[ d gg.1-4 cgtwbfkmyst ghfdbkf ghtj,hfpjdfybz byajhvfwbb bkb byfxt ujdjhz - vjltkb ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq d МИС, rjnjhst jghtltkz.n ghjwtlehs jwtyrb rfxtcndf bc[jlyjq byajhvfwbb b gjcnhjtybz yf tt jcyjdt pfrk.xtybq j, ОМ.

Вct vjltkb ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq vj;yj hfpltkbnm yf:

- vjltkb c lbyfvbxtcrjq bynthghtnfwbtq, rjnjhst vtyz.n cdj. rjyabuehfwb. bc[jlz bp ytrjnjhs[ yfxfkmys[ eckjdbq. К nfrbv vjltkzv vj;yj jnytcnb vjltkb, gjpdjkz.obt jwtybdfnm (vjltkbhjdfnm) cby[hjyyst b fcby[hjyyst lbyfvbxtcrbt ghjwtccs. Дjcnjbycndj 'njuj rkfccf vjltktq pfrk.xftncz d njv, xnj jyb gjpdjkz.n vjltkbhjdfnm (b/bkb jnj,hf;fnm) hfpkbxyst ghjwtccs, ghjbpdjlbnm ds,jh htitybq bp hfytt jghtltktyyjuj cgbcrf;

- vjltkb fyfkbnbxtcrjuj nbgf. К lfyyjve rkfcce vj;yj jnytcnb vjltkb, rjnjhst yf jcyjdfybb fyfkbnbxtcrb[ bkb 'dhbcnbxtcrb[ vtnjljd ghjbpdjlzn jwtyre ОМ d ghjcnhfycndt vyjub[ rhbnthbtd jwtyrb, bynthghtnfwb. gjkextyys[ jwtyjr yf jcyjdfybb ecnfyjdktyys[ irfk jwtyjr b ajhvbhjdfybt vyj;tcndf ytj,[jlbvs[ djpltqcndbq yf j,]trn. К ljcnjbycnde 'njuj rkfccf vjltktq vj;yj jnytcnb b[ jnyjcbntkmye. ub,rjcnm, rjnjhfz gjpdjkztn bpvtyznm cjcnfd vyj;tcndf rhbnthbtd jwtyrb, exbnsdfnm bpvtyz.oe.cz cbcntve ghbjhbntnjd ghbyznbz htitybq.

В j,otv dblt c[tvf ghjwtccf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq ghtlcnfdktyf yf hbc.2.7. Оyf jnhf;ftn fkujhbnv ghjwtccf ghbyznbz htitybq d ghjcnhfycndt vyjub[ rhbnthbtd.

В rfxtcndt rhbnthbtd, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn rjyrhtnyjq pflfxb, nht,e.otq htitybz vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz: ljkz hsyrf, tvrjcnm hsyrf, ehjdtym rjyrehtywbb, bvbl; abhvs, ghbdktrfntkmyjcnm hsyrf b n.l.

Рbc. 2.7. С[tvf ghjwtccf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujdjuj htitybz

Гlt:

I I R_n x 1 - dtrnjh byajhvfwbb j cjcnjzybb ОМ b dytiytq

chtls;

K I R_n x m - yf,jh rhbnthbtd ghbyznbz htitybq,

К = [К_i, K₂, ..., K_m](dct K_i I R_n x 1);

f I R_m x 1 - jrjyxfntkmyfz jwtyrf cjcnjzybz ОМ;

S I R_k - vyj;tcndj ljgecnbvs[ htitybq;

X I R_m - irfks rhbnthbfkmys[ jwtyjr;

r - htif.ott ghfdbkj;

S_jgn - jgnbvfkmyjt htitybt c extnjv juhfybxtybq R

(R - htcehcs);

U_jgn - abpbxtcrfz htfkbpfwbz jgnbvfkmyjuj htitybz S_jgn.

Пhbyznbt vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq djpvj;yj njkmrj d njv ckexft, tckb СПР j,kflftn dctq ytj,[jlbvjq tq byajhvfwbtq lkz dshf,jnrb rjhhtrnyjuj htitybz. Эnf byajhvfwbz vj;tn ,snm gjkextyf gentv yf,k.ltybq pf ОМ b cjcnjzybtv jrhe;f.otq chtls, bkb gentv vjltkbhjdfybz ghjntrf.ob[ d ОМ ghjwtccjd. СПР bcgjkmpetn lkz dshf,jnrb vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq vjltkm pflfx ghbyznbz htitybq, rjnjhfz d xfcnyjcnb drk.xftn d ct,z:

cnhernehe ghtlgjxntybq ЛПР;

cjlth;fntkmyjt jgbcfybt dct[ df;ytqib[ rhbnthbtd;

htfkmye. byajhvfwb. j gjcnfdktyyjq pflfxt.

Зflfxf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq vj;tn ,snm cajhvekbhjdfyf cktle.obv j,hfpjv:

Иpdtcnyjve cjcnjzyb. j,]trnf vfhrtnbyuf Y ytj,[jlbvj gjcnfdbnm d cjjndtncndbt nfrjt eghfdktybt U , rjnjhjt zdkztncz abpbxtcrjq htfkbpfwbtq htitybz S i (S _jgn) ghbyflkt;fotuj vyj;tcnde ljgecnbvs[ htitybq S , ghb 'njv lfyyjt htitybt ghbpyfyj jgnbvfkmysv, yf jcyjdfybb ghtlkj;tyyjuj gthtxyz rhbnthbtd ghbyznbz b jwtyrb rfxtcndf vfhrtnbyujdjuj htitybz, b cj,k.ltyf ecnfyjdktyyfz cbcntvf ghtlgjxntybq P .

Пjl dtrnjhjv cjcnjzybq ОМ Y , yfghbvth, cdtltybz j: gjcnfdobrf[, lbkthf[ b n.l., gjybvftncz cjdjregyjcnm dtrnjhjd I (byajhvfwbz j cjcnjzybb cj,cndtyyj j,]trnf) b R (byajhvfwbz j htcehcf[, bcgjkmpetvs[ j,]trnjv d ntreotv cjcnjzybb).

Мfntvfnbxtcrb 'nj vj;tn ,snm dshf;tyj cktle.obv j,hfpjv:

n.t. U zdkztncz jnj,hf;tybtv ljgecnbvjuj htitybz S i , lkz pflfyyjuj cjcnjzybz j,]trnf Y , ghb eckjdbb ljcnb;tybz rhbnthbtv K i jgnbvfkmyjuj pyfxtybz.

Мjltkm ghbznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq htiftncz d ghjcnhfycndt vyjub[ rhbnthbtd b yfpsdftncz vyjujrhbnthbfkmyjq pflfxtq ghbyznbz htitybq. В j,j,otyyjv dblt vjltkm vyjujrhbnthbfkmyjq pflfxb ghbznbz htitybq vj;yj ghtlcnfdbnm pfgbcm. dblf:

< t , S , K , X , f , P , r > , (2)

ult:

t - jghtltkztn nbg pflfxb ghbyznbz htitybq;

S - ghtlcnfdkztn vyj;tcndj htitybq, ljgecnbvs[ d hfvrf[ erfpfyyjuj nbgf pflfxb;

K - vyj;tcndj rhbnthbtd ghbyznbz htitybq;

f - jnj,hf;tybt vyj;tcndf ljgecnbvs[ htitybq S d vyj;tcndj dtrnjhys[ jwtyjr, jnhf;f.ob[ wtyyjcnm htitybz;

P - cbcntvf ghtlgjxntybq, jnhf;f.ofz cnhfntub. ds,jhf (ghbyznbz) htitybq;

r - htif.ott ghfdbkj, gjpdjkz.ott yf jcyjdfybb jwtyrb cjcnjzybz j,]trnf eghfdktybz Y d ghjcnhfycndt rhbnthbtd K dszdbnm vyj;tcndj ljgecnbvs[ lkz lfyyjq pflfxb htitybq S ;

X - vyj;tcndj irfk rhbnthbtd bkb vyj;tcndj egjhzljxtyys[ jwtyjr lkz rf;ljuj rhbnthbz, gjpdjkz.ott jwtybnm wtyyjcnm ('aatrnbdyjcnm) ghtlkfuftvjuj htitybz.

Рfytt jnvtxfkjcm, xnj jcyjdjq ghjwtccf ghbznbz htitybq zdkztncz vjltkm ghbyznbz htitybq. Эnjn afrn jnhf;ty d c[tvt ghbyznbz htitybq, ghbdtltyyjq yf hbc.2.7. В lfyyjq c[tvt gjl ,kjrjv htitybz gjybvftncz nfrjt htif.ott ghfdbkj r , rjnjhjt gjpdjkztn cajhvbhjdfnm vyj;tcndj ljgecnbvs[ htitybq S lkz pflfyyjuj cjcnjzybz ОМ Y d ghjcnhfycndt rhbnthbtd K . Пjl rjhhtrnjhjv gjybvftncz ghjwtlehf hfy;bhjdfybz (cjhnbhjdrb) vyj;tcndf ljgecnbvs[ htitybq S , bc[jlz bp ecnfyjdktyyjq cbcntvs ghbjhbntnjd P , ds,jh yfbkexituj, c njxrb phtybz yfkj;tyys[ juhfybxtybq, htitybz. Иyfxt ujdjhz, vjltkm ghbyznbz htitybz vj;yj hfp,bnm yf nhb 'ktvtynf (gjlvjltkb), rjnjhst dsgjkyz.n:

gjkextybt jwtyrb cjcnjzybz j,]trnf d ghjcnhfycndt rhbnthbtd ghbyznbz htitybq f ;

ajhvbhjdfybt vyj;tcndf ljgecnbvs[ htitybq S yf jcyjdfybb jwtyrb cjcnjzybz j,]trn b ecnfyjdktyyjq cbcntvs ghtlgjxntybq (n.t. ajhvbhjdfybt b hfy;bhjdfybt vyj;tcndf ljgecnbvs[ htitybq);

ds,jh jgnbvfkmyjuj htitybz S _jgn bp vyj;tcndf ljgecnbvs[, c extnjv yfkbxbz juhfybxtybq yf htcehcs.

О,j,otyyfz vjltkm ghbyznbz htitybq (1), bcgjkmpez tt ltrjvgjpbwb. yf gjlvjltkb, vj;tn ,snm ghtlcnfdktyf d cktle.otv dblt:

ult:

F - aeyrwbjyfk, gjpdjkz.obq gjkexbnm jwtyre cjcnjzybz d ghjcnhfycndt rhbnthbtd;

r - htif.ott ghfdbkj;

S - vyj;tcndj ljgecnbvs[ pyfxtybq;

R_ljg - j,kfcnm juhfybxtybq yf bcgjkmpjdfybt htcehcf;

R_jgn - jgnbvfkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt htcehcf c njxrb phtybz wtktq, gjcnfdktyys[ gthtl МИС.

О,j,otyyfz vjltkm ghbyznbz htitybq (2, 3) vj;tn ,snm htfkbpjdfyf c gjvjom. vjltktq hfpkbxyjuj nbgf. Вjpvj;yj bcgjkmpjdfybt cktle.ob[ nbgjd vjltktq:

Пhjlerwbjyyst vjltkb - vjltkb, jcyjdfyyst yf fggfhfnt ytxtnrb[ vyj;tcnd b ytxtnrjq kjubrb, ult bcnbyyjcnm jghtltkztncz yt xbckjdsvb, f kbyudbcnbxtcrbvb pyfxtybzvb.

Пhbvtytybt nfrjuj nbgf vjltktq wtktcjj,hfpyj d nj ckexft, tckb 'ktvtyn vyj;tcndf S i I S j,kflftn ytrjnjhsv cdjqcndjv А, rjnjhjt bvttn ce,]trnbdyjt pyfxtybt c njxrb phtybz hfpkbxys[ exfcnybrjd ghjwtccf ghbyznbz htitybq. Пjkfuftncz, xnj ceotcndetn jlyjpyfxyjt cjjndtncndbt vt;le kbyudbcnbxtcrjq cnhernehjq, jgbcsdf.otq cdjqcndj А, b ytrjnjhjq xbckjdjq cnhernehjq (n.t. bvttn vtcnj aeyrwbz ghbyflkt;yjcnb), jghtltkztvjt xbckjdjq irfkjq f .

Лjubxtcrbt vjltkb - ajhvfkbpjdfyyst ghjwtlehs cj cnhjubvb vtnjlfvb jgnbvbpfwbb. Лjubxtcrbt ajhvs ghtlcnfdktybz byajhvfwbjyys[ rjvgjytynjd jcyjdfys yf gjyznbb ajhvfkmyjq ntjhbb, n.t.:

T = < B , F , A , R o > , (4)

ult:

T - ajhvfkmyfz ntjhbz;

B - xtnrjt vyj;tcndj ,fpjds[ cbvdjkjd ajhvfkmyjq ntjhbb T (bkb tt fkujhbnvf);

F - ajhveks ntjhbb bkb gjlvyj;tcndj dshf;tybq ntjhbb;

A - gjlvyj;tcndj ajhvek, j,hfpe.ott frcbjvs ntjhbb;

R o - rjytxyjt vyj;tcndj jnyjitybq, rjnjhst vj;tn ,snm gjcnhjtys yf jcyjdt lfyyjq ajhvfkmyjq ntjhbb.

Сtvfynbxtcrbt vjltkb - vjltkb, gjcnhjtyyst c bcgjkmpjdfybtv jhbtynbhjdfyys[ uhfajd, ult rf;lfz dthibyf - j,]trn, f leuf - jnyjitybz vt;le hfpkbxysvb j,]trnfvb (ctnb Пtnhb).

Пjl j,]trnfvb d ctvfynbxtcrb[ vjltkz[ gjybvf.ncz gjyznbz, cdjqcndf, cj,snbz.

Оgbcfyyst nbgs vjltktq ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq hfpkbxyst gjl[jls r ghjwtcce ghbyznbz htitybq b b[ ghbvtytybt j,eckfdkbdftncz cnhernehjq b cdjqcndfvb ОМ, djpvj;yjcnm. ajhvfkbpfwbb ghjwtccf ghbyznbz htitybq b pyfybq j, j,]trnt, nbgjv htiftvjq МИС pflfxb ghbyznbz htitybq.

Вf;yjq xfcnm. ghjwtccf ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq zdkztncz gjlujnjdrf byajhvfwbb. Пjcnegbdie. d abhve byajhvfwb. ytkmpz bcgjkmpjdfnm chfpe lkz ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq. Пj'njve gthdjyfxfkmyj 'ne byajhvfwb. ghfdbkmyj cxbnfnm lfyysvb bkb cdtltybzvb. В cdzpb c 'nbv А.Г. Вtyltkby jnvtxftn, xnj byajhvfwbz - 'nj lfyyst, jhufybpjdfyyst d cbcntve, evtymif.oe. cntgtym ytjghtltktyyjcnb ghb hfphf,jnrt b ghbyznbb eghfdktyxtcrb[ htitybq [20]. Дkz njuj, xnj,s lfyyst cnfkb byajhvfwbtq b[ ye;yj nhfycajhvbhjdfnm.

Мj;yj dsltkbnm cktle.obt jcyjdyst aeyrwbb nhfycajhvfwbb lfyys[ d byajhvfwb.: nhfycvbccbz (gthtlfxf); frrevekbhjdfybt (yfrjgktybt); fuhtufwbz (byntuhfwbz b lbaathtywbhjdfybt); fyfkbp; jghtltktybt dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcntq.

Тhfycvbccbz - 'nj gthtlfxf byajhvfwbb bp jlyjuj geyrnf (jn jlyjuj kbwf) d lheujq (lheujve kbwe). Иyajhvfwbz gjcnegftn d abhve gj hfpysv rfyfkfv b xfcnj yt lj[jlbn lj flhtcfnf, nthzzcm d byajhvfwbjyys[ ctnz[ abhvs. Рtfkbpfwbz lfyyjq aeyrwbb cdzpfyf c ytj,[jlbvjcnm cnbvekbhjdfnm gjkextybt lfyys[ flhtcfnjv d vtcnt yfpyfxtybz. Зltcm rhfqyt df;ysv zdkztncz bcgjkmpjdfybt ghbywbgjd ,tyxvfhrbyuf, xnj cdzpfyj c bpvtytybtv ghbjhbntnjd d ltzntkmyjcnb jnltkmys[ gjlhfpltktybq abhvs.

Аrrevekbhjdfybt - [hfytybt lfyys[ nfrbv j,hfpjv, xnj,s herjdjlcndj abhvs vjukj b[ gjkexbnm d k.,jt dhtvz.

Аuhtufwbz - ltktybt dctq byajhvfwbb yf vtkrbt ntvfnbxtcrbt ,kjrb, dsltktybt df;ytqib[ lfyys[.

Аyfkbp - 'nj ghjwtcc, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjuj dszdkz.ncz cdzpb vt;le hfpkbxysvb zdktybzvb. Чfcnj fyfkbp cdzpsdf.n c vfntvfnbxtcrbvb dsxbcktybzvb, jlyfrj d ,jkmitq cntgtyb 'nj kjubxtcrbq ghjwtcc.

Вszdktybt dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb cke;bn lkz ecnfyjdktybz cdzptq, dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcntq vt;le zdktybzvb, cj,snbzvb, afrnfvb. Нfghbvth, d abhve gjcnegbkf byajhvfwbz j pfrhsnbb bkb ghjlf;t jlyjuj bp ghtlghbznbq rjyrehtynf b bpvtytybb bv njdfhyjq cnhfntubb. Пhb bpextybb lheujq byajhvfwbb vj;yj ecnfyjdbnm, xnj ghtlghbznbt kbrdblbhetncz d htpekmnfnt jncencndbz chtlcnd. Эnj gjpdjkztn bcgjkmpjdfnm gj jnyjityb. r lfyyjve rjyrehtyne yfcnegfntkmye. cnhfntub..

В nf,k.2.4. ghtlcnfdktys jcyjdyst gjrfpfntkb, [fhfrnthbpe.obt 'aatrnbdyjcnm МИС.

Тf,kbwf 2.4. Эaatrnbdyjcnm vfhrtnbyujdjq byajhvfwbjyyjq cbcntvs

Дkz ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq rhjvt byajhvfwbb ytj,[jlbvs b jghtltktyyst ,fpjdst pyfybz, rjnjhsvb ljk;ty j,kflfnm vfhrtnbyu-vtytl;th. Эnb pyfybz j,hfpe.ncz bp ytcrjkmrb[ rjvgjytynjd: j,hfpjdfybt, jgsn, vjnbdfwbz. Сktletn gjzcybnm, xnj jgsn - 'nj yt njkmrj cnf; hf,jns d j,kfcnb vfhrtnbyuf, [jnz 'nj ,tpeckjdyj df;yj (rhegytqibt abhvs ljcnfnjxyj ljkuj dslth;bdf.n vtytl;thjd yf cdjb[ ljk;yjcnz[). Нtj,[jlbvj bcgjkmpjdfnm b bpexfnm jgsn lheub[ abhv d htitybb gjlj,ys[ ghj,ktv bkb pyfnm, rfrbt vtnjls lkz 'njuj jyb ghbvtyz.n. Бtyxvfhrbyujdsq gjl[jl dct ,jktt ibhjrj ghjybrftn dj dct caths ,bpytcf, vfhrtnbyuf b vtytl;vtynf. Еuj ghbvtytybt cgjcj,cndetn ,jktt j,jcyjdfyyjve, dpdtityyjve ghbyznb. vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq. Нf pfctlfybz[, cjdtofybz[, d ljrevtynf[ b hfcgjhz;tybz[ ytj,[jlbvj erfpsdfnm yf wtkb b djpvj;yjcnm ghbvtytybz ,tyxvfhrbyuf, f nfr;t yf drkfl ,tyxvfhrbyuf d ghbyznbt vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq b cnhfntub.. Кjvveybrfnbdysq ghjwtcc vj;tn hfpdbdfnm gjybvfybt dytiytuj b dyenhtyytuj hsyrf b byajhvbhjdfnm j njv, xnj ltkf.n lheubt b rfr 'nj vj;tn gjdkbznm yf hf,jne abhvs. Эnj gjpdjkztn jhufybpfwbb ghjxedcndjdfnm, xnj dpukzl cj cnjhjys jxtym df;ty b, xnj herjdjlcndj r ytve cnhtvbncz. Пhb 'njv cktletn nfr;t jnvtxfnm htpekmnfns hf,jns jhufybpfwbb d chfdytybb c 'nfkjyfvb b kexibvb htpekmnfnfvb d ltzntkmyjcnb lheub[ abhv. Вct 'nj gjdsiftn rjyrehtynjcgjcj,yjcnm abhvs b j,tcgtxbdftn ytj,[jlbvst tq rjyrehtynyst ghtbveotcndf.

В cjdhtvtyyjv ,bpytct ghbyznbt vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq vj;tn cnfnm df;ysv rjyrehtynysv ghtbveotcndjv. Фbhvs vjuen jgthtlbnm cdjb[ rjyrehtynjd pf cxtn: ghbyznbz kexib[ htitybq; ,jktt ,scnhjuj ghbyznbz htitybq; ,jktt 'aatrnbdyjuj dytlhtybz ghbyzns[ htitybq.

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