Сnhfntubxtcrbt yfghfdktybz hfpdbnbz vfhrtnbyuf

Пtht[jl r hsyjxysv jnyjitybzv cdzpfy c uke,jrbvb cjwbfkmyj-'rjyjvbxtcrbvb ghtj,hfpjdfybzvb dj dct[ cathf[ 'rjyjvbrb. Пthtl exfcnybrfvb 'nb[ bpvtytybq djpybrf.n ckj;yst ghj,ktvs, nht,e.obt yfexyj-j,jcyjdfyys[ htitybq. Нfb,jktt ckj;ysvb b cgtwbabxysvb jyb zdkz.ncz d ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq chtlt. Зltcm gjcktlcndbz ytghfdbkmyj ghbyzns[ htitybq b wtyf jib,rb bvt.n hfpyjyfghfdktyysq [fhfrnth b xhtpdsxfqyj cthmtpyst gjcktlcndbz.

Дkz ghtlghbybvfntkz 'nj yt njkmrj euhjpf ,fyrhjncndf b gjnthz ltytu, yj b enhfnf lj,hjuj bvtyb, ghbdsxyjuj j,hfpf b cnbkz ;bpyb, rheuf pyfrjvs[ b n.g. Нtdthyj ghbyznst htitybz d ,bpytct yfyjczn cthmtpysq eoth, j,otcnde: gjzdkztncz ytljdthbt r ,bpytc cnhernehfv, dshf;ftncz ytljdjkmcndj ujcelfhcndjv, ecbkbdftncz cjwbfkmyfz yfghz;tyyjcnm. Оlyfrj jcyjdyfz nz;tcnm b cfvst cthmtpyst ghj,ktvs cdzpfys c yfctktybtv. Сyb;ftncz ehjdtym ,kfujcjcnjzybz, gjzdkztncz ytedthtyyjcnm d ,eleotv. Вct 'nj gtht;bdftn hjccbqcrjt j,otcndj d yfcnjzott dhtvz.

Рfpdbnbt ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf d Рjccbb yjcbn dct tot crfxrjj,hfpysq [fhfrnth b cjghjdj;lftncz jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. В nj ;t dhtvz ytkmpz yt jnvtnbnm b gjpbnbdyst bpvtytybz, rjnjhst bvt.n vtcnj d catht ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf. Эnj - hjcn xbckf ghtlghbznbq d ytujcelfhcndtyyjv ctrnjht; gjdsitybt 'aatrnbdyjcnb vfkjuj b chtlytuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf. Бjktt nhtnb chtlyb[ b rhegys[ ghtlghbznbq, dsgecrf.ob[ ,jktt 40 % ghjvsiktyyjq ghjlerwbb yf[jlzncz d xfcnyjq b cvtifyyjq ajhvf[ cj,cndtyyjcnb. Рfcntn byyjdfwbjyyfz frnbdyjcnm ghtlghbznbq.

Рfpdbnbt ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf d Рjccbb ntcysv j,hfpjv cdzpfyj b c hfpdbnbtv ntjhbb b ghfrnbrb vfhrtnbyuf. Пjlj,yjt ckj;yj yfpdfnm ckexfqysv, n.r. cjdhtvtyyjt gjybvfybt ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf rfr "ghjwtccf ytghthsdyjuj gjbcrf bpvtytybq d gjnht,yjcnz[, cghjct rjytxyjuj gjnht,bntkz yf ghjlerwb. b eckeub, eljdktndjhtybz 'njq gjnht,yjcnb gentv jhufybpfwbb ghjbpdjlcndf, c,snf, vfhrtnbyuf, kjubcnbrb, vtytl;vtynf, jhbtynbhjdfyyjuj yf cfvst kexibt yjdfwbb, ghbyjczobt vfrcbvev ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb d rf;ljq bp cnflbq cbcntvs djcghjbpdjlcndf" yf[jlbncz dj dpfbvjcdzpb c cjdhtvtyysv gjybvfybtv vfhrtnbyuf.

Рfccvjnhbv 'nj ytcrjkmrj gjlhj,ytt. Иpdtcnyj, xnj nthvby vfhrtnbyu yfxfkb ghbvtyznm d США. Бjkmibycndj cgtwbfkbcnjd, hfccvfnhbdfz 'djk.wb. vfhrtnbyuf, jnj;ltcndkz.n tuj cjlth;fybt c bpdtcnysvb gznm. rjywtgwbzvb Ф. Кjnkthf. Иvt.ncz d dble ghjbpdjlcndtyyfz, njdfhyfz, c,snjdfz, f nfr;t rjywtgwbb nhflbwbjyyjuj b cjwbfkmyj-'nbxtcrjuj vfhrtnbyuf .

Сjdhtvtyyfz rjywtgwbz vfhrtnbyuf ghjikf ljcnfnjxyj ljkue. 'djk.wb.. Кfr jcj,sq gjl[jl r eghfdktyb. ghjbpdjlcndjv b htfkbpfwbtq, jyf dsltkbkfcm d yfxfkt ХХ dtrf, rjulf ajhvbhjdfkjcm rhegyjvfcinf,yjt ghjbpdjlcndj, htprj j,jcnhbkfcm rjyrehtywbz. Эnj cnbvekbhjdfkj gjbcr b hfphf,jnre yjds[ gjl[jljd r eghfdktyb. hsyjxyjq ltzntkmyjcnm. abhv, cnbvekbhjdfyb. cghjcf yf dsgecrftve. ghjlerwb.. Нfb,jktt jcnhj 'njn ghjwtcc ghjzdkzkcz d Сjtlbytyys[ infnf[. Аvthbrfycrbt 'rjyjvbcns njuj dhtvtyb gjlxthrbdfkb, xnj jcyjdyfz ghj,ktvf lkz ghtlghbybvfntktq - fyfkbp b jhufybpfwbz c,snf. С[jlyst ghj,ktvs yf,k.lf.ncz b d hjccbqcrjq 'rjyjvbrt rjywf 80-[, rjulf yfxfkbcm 'rjyjvbxtcrbt htajhvs b gjzdbkcz pyfxbntkmysq bynthtc r vfhrtnbyue.

Тfrbv j,hfpjv - bpyfxfkmyj vfhrtnbyu edzpsdftncz ukfdysv j,hfpjv kbim c htfkbpfwbtq njdfhjd. В nj;t dhtvz vfhrtnbyu dsltkbkcz d cfvjcnjzntkmysq ext,ysq rehc d dtleob[ eybdthcbntnf[ США - Мbxbufycrjv, Иkkbyjqcrjv, Гfhdfhlcrjv b lh. Оcyjdyjt dybvfybt ghb tuj bpextybb eltkzkjcm djghjcfv jhufybpfwbb c,snf, njhujdkb b htrkfvs. Оlyfrj d lfkmytqitv juhfybxtyyjcnm nfrjq nhfrnjdrb cnfkf jxtdblyjq. Зyfxbntkmye. hjkm d 'njv csuhfk b rhbpbc 1929-1933 uu., gjckt rjnjhjuj vfhrtnbyu jrjyxfntkmyj enhfnbk xbcnj c,snjde. jhbtynfwb.. Оy ghbj,htk ujhfplj ,jktt rjvgktrcysq [fhfrnth, yfxfk j[dfnsdfnm hfpkbxyst cnjhjys aeyrwbjybhjdfybz abhv, ghtdhfnbdibcm d jlby bp df;ytqib[ 'ktvtynjd b[ ltzntkmyjcnb gj hfphf,jnrt b ghjldb;tyb. ghjlerwbb r gjnht,bntkzv, cjplfyb. eckjdbq lkz edtkbxtybz cghjcf yf njdfhs.

В 1926 ujle d США ,skf jhufybpjdfyf Нfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz vfhrtnbyuf b htrkfvs, yf jcyjdt rjnjhjq d lfkmytqitv ,skj cjplfyj Аvthbrfycrjt j,otcndj vfhrtnbyuf, gthtbvtyjdfyyjt d 1973 u. d Аvthbrfycre. fccjwbfwb. vfhrtnbyuf (АМА). Нtcrjkmrj gjp;t gjlj,yst fccjwbfwbb b jhufybpfwbb gjzdbkbcm d cnhfyf[ Зfgflyjq Еdhjgs b Яgjybb. Сnfkb djpybrfnm vt;leyfhjlyst vfhrtnbyujdst jhufybpfwbb - Еdhjgtqcrjt j,otcndj bccktljdfybz vfhrtnbyuf b j,otcndtyyjuj vytybz, Еdhjgtqcrfz frfltvbz vfhrtnbyuf b n.l. В ,sditv СССР d cthtlbyt 70-[ ujljd ghb Тjhujdj-ghjvsiktyyjq gfkfnt ,skf j,hfpjdfyf ctrwbz vfhrtnbyuf, f e;t d [jlt htajhv d 1990 u. ,skf cjplfyf Вctcj.pyfz fccjwbfwbz vfhrtnbyuf. В yfcnjzott dhtvz d Рjccbb ltqcndetn Вcthjccbqcrfz fccjwbfwbz vfhrtnbyuf (ghtpbltyn - ghja. А.А. Бhfdthvfy) b wtksq hzl htubjyfkmys[ jhufybpfwbq, yfghbvth, Бfknbqcrfz fccjwbfwbz vfhrtnbyuf d Сfyrn-Пtnth,ehut.

Шbhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybz vfhrtnbyuf gjhjlbkj b vyj;tcndj tuj hfpkbxys[ jghtltktybq. В yfcnjzott dhtvz yf ghbywbgf[ vfhrtnbyuf cnhjbn cdjb cbcntvs eghfdktybz gjlfdkz.ott ,jkmibycndj rjvgfybq США, Яgjybb, Зfgflyjq Еdhjgs. Рfcntn hjkm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyys[ vfhrtnbyujds[ jhufybpfwbq b abhv, yfwbjyfkmys[ b vt;leyfhjlys[ vfhrtnbyujds[ fccjwbfwbq (yfghbvth, Еdhjgtqcrjuj j,otcndf vfhrtnbyujds[ bccktljdfybq, Вctvbhyjq fccjwbfwbb vfhrtnbyuf, Еdhjgtqcrjq fccjwbfwbb ghjvsiktyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf b n.l.). Мfhrtnbyu - ytjn]tvktvsq b j,zpfntkmysq 'ktvtyn gjlujnjdrb 'rjyjvbcnjd, cgtwbfkbcnjd gj eghfdktyb..

В 'rjyjvbxtcrjq kbnthfneht ceotcnde.n hfpkbxyst nhfrnjdrb ceoyjcnb b cjlth;fybz gjyznbz "vfhrtnbyu". Оlyfrj dct 'rjyjvbcns c[jlzncz d jlyjv, xnj "vfhrtnbyu" - zdktybt nfr bkb byfxt cdzpfyyjt c hsyrjv, hsyjxysvb ghjwtccfvb, hsyjxyjq ltzntkmyjcnm.. Оghtltktybz vfhrtnbyuf vjuen ,snm j,]tlbytys d ldt jcyjdyst uheggs: rkfccbxtcrbt (juhfybxtyyst) b cjdhtvtyyst (j,j,otyyst). В rkfccbxtcrjv gjybvfybb vfhrtnbyu jghtltkztncz rfr ghtlghbybvfntkmcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm, wtkm. rjnjhjq zdkztncz ghjldb;tybt njdfhjd b eckeu jn ghjbpdjlbntkz r gjregfntk. bkb gjnht,bntk.. Шbhjrbq lbfgfpjy vfhrtnbyuf ,sk jabwbfkmyj ghbpyfy Аvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbtq vfhrtnbyuf (АМА) d 1985 u., rjulf nhflbwbjyyjt jghtltktybt vfhrtnbyuf, jlj,htyyjt t. d 1960 u. ,skj pfvtytyj cktle.obv: "Мfhrtnbyu ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ghjwtcc gkfybhjdfybz b djgkjotybz pfvsckf, wtyjj,hfpjdfybt, ghjldb;tybt b htfkbpfwb. bltq, njdfhjd b eckeu gjchtlcndjv j,vtyf, eljdktndjhz.otuj wtkb jnltkmys[ kbw b jhufybpfwbq".

Пj vtht hfpdbnbz b cnfyjdktybz vfhrtnbyuf dsltkbkbcm cktle.obt dbls b j,kfcnb ghbvtytybz vfhrtnbyuf:

• gjnht,bntkmcrbq vfhrtnbyu bkb vfhrtnbyu njdfhjd vfccjdjuj cghjcf;

• ghjvsiktyysq vfhrtnbyu - vfhrtnbyu njdfhjd ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj yfpyfxtybz;

• vfhrtnbyu eckeu;

• vt;leyfhjlysq vfhrtnbyu;

• ytrjvvthxtcrbq vfhrtnbyu - bkb vtnfvfhrtnbyu (yfghbvth, d eghfdktybb gjkbnbxtcrbvb gfhnbzvb, ghjatccbjyfkmysvb fccjwbfwbzvb b n.g.)

• vbrhjvfhrtnbyu - vfhrtnbyujdfz ltzntkmyjcnm abhv b lheub[ rjvvthxtcrbq jhufybpfwbq;

• vfrhjvfhrtnbyu - ltzntkmyjcnm ujcelfhcndf d catht hsyrf;

• cjwbfkmysq vfhrtnbyu - cjdjregyjcnm vtnjljd jceotcndktybz cjwbfkmys[ ghjuhfvv ujcelfhcndjv b j,otcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, f nfr;t cjwbfkmyst fcgtrns hsyjxyjq ltzntkmyjcnb rjhgjhfwbq;

• 'ujvfhrtnbyu - ltzntkmyjcnm bylbdbleevf yf hsyrt, yfghbvth, ghb nheljecnhjqcndt.

Нf gthdjv 'nfgt (20-t ujls) vfhrtnbyu hfccvfnhbdfkcz rfr cathf ghbrkflyjq 'rjyjvbrb, ghfrnbrf c,snjdjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Вct ntjhtnbxtcrbt bccktljdfybz cnhjbkbcm yf fyfkbpt b j,j,otybb 'vgbhbxtcrjuj vfnthbfkf, cdzpfyyjuj cj c,snjv, htfkbpfwbtq njdfhjd yf ehjdyt jnltkmyjuj ghtlghbznbz (abhvs).

Нf dnjhjv 'nfgt, d 30-40-t ujls yfxbyf.n gjzdkznmcz hfpkbxyst rjywtgwbb vfhrtnbyuf, hfpkbxf.obtcz vt;le cj,jq gjl[jljv r gjybvfyb. ghtlvtnf vfhrtnbyuf. Зltcm cktletn dsltkbnm hfcghtltkbntkmye., bycnbnewbjyfkmye. b aeyrwbjyfkmye. rjywtgwbb vfhrtnbyuf.

Рfcghtltkbntkmyfz rjywtgwbz vfhrtnbyuf - jnj;ltcndkztn vfhrtnbyu c fyfkbpjv vt[fybpvf njdfhjldb;tybz.

Иycnbnewbjyfkmyfz rjywtgwbz vfhrtnbyuf - bc[jlbn bp ghtlgjkj;tybz, xnj hsyjr ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq cathe, d rjnjhjq ghjzdkztncz rjkktrnbdyfz ltzntkmyjcnm cjwbfkmys[ uhegg b jhufybpfwbq, gj'njve ntjhbz hsyrf b vfhrtnbyuf ghtlgjkfuftn fyfkbp gjdtltybz cjwbfkmys[ uhegg, ujcelfhcnd, hfpkbxys[ jhufybpfwbq rfr rjvvthxtcrjuj, nfr b ytrjvvthxtcrjuj [fhfrnthf

Фeyrwbjyfkmyfz rjywtgwbz vfhrtnbyuf - lftn gjybvfybt vfhrtnbyuf rfr rjvgktrcf aeyrwbq ghjvsiktyyjuj ghtlghbznbz gj htfkbpfwbb njdfhjd. Сhtlb nfrb[ aeyrwbb vjuen ,snm dsltktys, yfghbvth: bpextybt hsyrf, htrkfvf b cnbvekbhjdfybt c,snf, gkfybhjdfybt njhujds[ jgthfwbq b n.l.

Рfpdbnbt aeyrwbjyfkmyjq rjywtgwbb ghbdtkj d 50-[ ujlf[ r nhfrnjdrt vfhrtnbyuf rfr hsyjxyjq rjywtgwbb eghfdktybz. Нfxfkcz nhtnbq 'nfg d 'djk.wbb vfhrtnbyuf. Оhbtynfwbz yf hsyjr - jcyjdyfz bltz vfhrtnbyuf, rfr hsyjxyjq rjywtgwbb eghfdktybz.

Рfccvjnhtybt vfhrtnbyuf d rfxtcndt hsyjxyjq rjywtgwbb eghfdktybz gjnht,jdfkj ntjhtnbxtcrb[ bccktljdfybq b vtnjlbxtcrjuj j,tcgtxtybz ghfrnbrb vfhrtnbyuf.

Чtndthnsq 'nfg 'djk.wbb rjywtgwbb vfhrtnbyuf (50-60-t ujls) [fhfrnthbpetncz hfphf,jnrjq ,fpjds[ jcyjd j,otq ntjhbb eghfdktyxtcrjuj vfhrtnbyuf, drk.xf.ob[ d ct,z hfphf,jnre ,fpjds[ gjkj;tybq vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb (wtkb, pflfxb, aeyrwbb b ghbywbgs jhufybpfwbb vfhrtnbyuf), hfphf,jnre vtnjljd bpextybz hsyrf, hfphf,jnre vtnjljd jceotcndktybz njdfhyjq, wtyjdjq, c,snjdjq gjkbnbrb, htrkfvs, hfphf,jnre vtnjlbr b nt[yjkjubq ghbyznbz vfhrtnbyujds[ htitybq.

Пznsq 'nfg (rjytw 60-[ ujljd lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb) - 'nj hfpdbnbt j,otq ntjhbb eghfdktyxtcrjuj vfhrtnbyuf. Мfhrtnbyu ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq 'ktvtyn j,otrjhgjhfnbdyjq cbcntvs eghfdktybz, rjnjhsq cdzpsdftn abhve c dytiytq chtljq, gj'njve j,ofz htpekmnfnbdyjcnm ltzntkmyjcnb abhvs dj vyjujv pfdbcbn jn 'aatrnbdyjcnb vfhrtnbyuf.

Нf he,t;t 80-[ ujljd d 'rjyjvbrt ,jkmibycndf hfpdbns[ cnhfy ghjbpjikb cj,snbz, rjnjhst pfcnfdkz.n gj-yjdjve dpukzyenm yf ghj,ktve ceoyjcnb vfhrtnbyuf. В ,jkmibycndt jnhfcktq yfxfkcz gthbjl bp,snjxyjuj ghtlkj;tybz .В 'nb[ eckjdbz[ ckj;bkjcm jib,jxyjt vytybt, xnj e,tlbnm gjnht,bntktq ghbj,htnfnm ghjlerwb. ljcnfnjxyj ghjcnj. Кhjvt njuj, ecbkbkfcm rjyrehtywbz. Вthytt jyf ghbj,htkf ytcrjkmrj byst xthns: ckj;yj cnfkj dsltkznm njdfhs rfrjq kb,j abhvs. Нfxfkcz gthbjl rjyrehtywbb rfxtcndf, yt njkmrj njdfhjd, yj b ghjwtccjd.

Тfrbv j,hfpjv, cjdhtvtyysq vfhrtnbyu - 'nj ckj;yjt cjwbfkmyjt zdktybt. Мj;yj cjukfcbnmcz c ytvtwrbvb cgtwbfkbcnfvb, rjnjhst cxbnf.n, xnj vfhrtnbyu ctujlyz gjybvftncz rfr dshf;tybt jhbtynbhjdfyyjuj yf hsyjr eghfdktyxtcrjuj cnbkz vsiktybz, lkz rjnjhjuj [fhfrnthys ndjhxtcrbt, cbcntvfnbxtcrbt b ythtlrj fuhtccbdyst gjl[jls. Нtj,[jlbvj yt njkmrj htfubhjdfnm yf hfpdbnbt j,cnfyjdrb, htubcnhbhjdfnm gfhfvtnhs jrhe;f.otq chtls, cktletn cnhtvbnmcz cfvjve bpvtyznm 'nb gfhfvtnhs .

В yfcnjzott dhtvz vfhrtnbyu vj;yj njkrjdfnm, dj-gthds[, rfr ghbywbg ltqcndbz ghtlghbznbz, rjnjhsq pfrk.xftncz d gjcktljdfntkmyjv yfghfdktybb dct[ htitybq yf nht,jdfybz b ye;ls gjnht,bntktq b gjregfntktq (vfhrtnbyu rfr ghbywbg eghfdktybz ghtlghbznbtv); dj-dnjhs[, vfhrtnbyu yfghfdkty yf gjkextybt rjyrehtynys[ ghtbveotcnd c gjvjom. rjvgktrcf cgtwbfkmys[ hsyjxys[ vthjghbznbq (vfhrtnbyu rfr chtlcndj); d-nhtnmb[, vfhrtnbyu vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr rjvgktrc ltqcndbq, yfghfdktyys[ yf ghbyznbt eghfdktyxtcrb[ htitybq (vfhrtnbyu rfr vtnjl).

Пjlj,yjt gjybvfybt vfhrtnbyuf ghbdjlbn r gjzdktyb. d cgtwbfkmyjq kbnthfneht nthvbyf "dyenhtyybq vfhrtnbyu" . Оlyfrj lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb 'njve gjyznb. ytn tot jlyjpyfxyjuj jghtltktybz. Мs ;t tuj gjybvftv rfr rjvgktrc ltqcndbq, j,tcgtxbdf.ob[ fltrdfnyjcnm b djpvj;yjcnm flfgnfwbb abhvs r nht,jdfybzv hsyrf .

В 1960 ujle ,skf ghtlkj;tyf vjltkm vfhrtnbyuf, jcyjdjq rjnjhjq cnfkj rjv,bybhjdfyyjt b rjjhlbybhjdfyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt hfpkbxys[ bycnhevtynjd vfhrtnbyuf (vjltkm "4P" Е.Мfrrfhnb). Эnf vjltkm gjkexbkf yfpdfybt "vfhrtnbyu-vbrc" (rjvgktrcysq vfhrtnbyu). В ytq dsltkzkjcm xtnsht jcyjdys[ 'ktvtynf vfhrtnbyuf njdfh (Product), wtyf (Price), ghjldb;tybt (Promotion), njdfhjldb;tybt b hfcghtltktybt (Place).

В yfcnjzott dhtvz ytrjnjhst cgtwbfkbcns hfcibhz.n rjvgktrc vfhrtnbyuf (vfhrtnbyu-vbrc) lj 6 b ,jkmit 'ktvtynjd: njdfh (Product), wtyf (Price), njdfhjldb;tybt b hfcghtltktybt (Place), ghjldb;tybt (Promotion), gthcjyfk (People), cgjcj, ltqcndbz (Policy). Иynthtcysv cktletn cxbnfnm gjgsnre drk.xtybz d rjvgktrc vfhrtnbyuf ghjtrnbhjdfybt dj dhtvtyb b d ghjcnhfycndt htpekmnfnjd vfhrtnbyujds[ bccktljdfybq ("projection").

Rafig M. b Ahmed P.K. r nhflbwbjyysv 'ktvtynfv rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf lj,fdkz.n: exfcnybrjd vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb, ghjwtcc vfhrtnbyuf b htfkmyst htpekmnfns, gjkextyyst d htpekmnfnt vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Пhb 'njv, gj b[ vytyb., gjl vfhrtnbyujv gjybvftncz ghjwtcc dpfbvjltqcndbz ghjlfdwf b gjregfntkz lkz ljcnb;tybz dpfbvjdsujlys[ wtktq. Оlyfrj gj yfitve vytyb., hfpdbnbt rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf zdkztncz dct tot lbcreccbjyysv.

Пjzdktybt 'njq vjltkb cnfkj cdjtj,hfpyjq htfrwbtq yf hfcghjcnhfytybt d 'rjyjvbrt cbnefwbq ytyflt;yjcnb b hbcrf, rjulf ytkmpz ghtlkj;bnm jlyjpyfxysq fkujhbnv tlbycndtyyj dthyjuj htitybz, gjcrjkmre rjkbxtcndj djpvj;ys[ rjv,byfwbq afrnjhjd dtcmvf dtkbrj, f htpekmnfn ltzntkmyjcnb d 'nb[ eckjdbz[ ytdjpvj;yj njxyj hfccxbnfnm.

Кjvgktrc vfhrtnbyuf - yf,jh gjllf.ob[cz rjynhjk. gthtvtyys[ afrnjhjd, bycnhevtynjd vfhrtnbyuf, cjdjregyjcnm rjnjhs[ abhvf bcgjkmpetn d cnhtvktybb dspdfnm ;tkftve. jndtnye. htfrwb. cj cnjhjys wtktdjuj hsyrf.

В rjvgktrc vfhrtnbyuf d[jlbn dct, xnj abhvf vj;tn ghtlghbyznm lkz jrfpfybz djpltqcndbz yf cghjc cdjtuj njdfhf. Мyjujxbcktyyst djpvj;yjcnb vj;yj j,]tlbybnm d xtnsht jcyjdyst uheggs: njdfh, wtyf, vtnjls hfcghjcnhfytybz b cnbvekbhjdfybz.

Вct 'ktvtyns rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjcdzpfys. Нfghbvth, aeyrwbjyfkmyst djpvj;yjcnb, rfxtcndj ghjlernf jghtltkz.n tuj wtye. Кf;lsq gjnht,bntkm zdyj bkb ytzdyj ghjdjlbn jwtyre gjregftvjuj ghjlernf gj rhbnthb. "wtyf - rfxtcndj". Тfr;t yf j,]tv htfkbpfwbb njdfhf dkbz.n chtlcndf ghjldb;tybz b ljcnfdrb ghjlernf. Дkz ljcnb;tybz gjkj;bntkmyjuj htpekmnfnf ytj,[jlbvj jgnbvbpbhjdfnm vfhrtnbyu-vbrc. Оlyfrj lj,bnmcz 'njuj ljcnfnjxyj ckj;yj, n.r. ceotcnde.n aeyrwbjyfkmyst, dhtvtyyst b bthfh[bxtcrbt dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb.

Пthdst gj cdjtve cjlth;fyb. ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq j,]tlbytybt ltqcndbq ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb hfpkbxys[ bycnhevtynfhbtd vfhrtnbyuf. Рfpkbxf.n cktle.obt aeyrwbjyfkmyst dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb: rjyrehbhe.obt, ce,cnfynbdbhjdfyyst, rjvgktvtynfhyst b rfxtcndtyyst. Пhbvthjv rjyrehbhe.otq dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb zdkztncz nbgbxyfz lkz vfhrtnbyuf pflfxf, yf xnj b d rfrjv cjjnyjitybb hfcghtltkbnm ,.l;tn.

Вpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb dhtvtyyjuj dblf hfpkbxf.n dhtvtyyst cdzpb: gfhfkktkmyjuj, gjcktljdfntkmyjuj, xthtle.otujcz b cvtyz.otujcz dbljd. Эnb dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb cdzpfys c gjcktljdfntkmyjcnm. htfkbpfwbb vfhrtnbyujds[ vthjghbznbq. Иthfh[bxtcrbt dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb cdzpfys c rjyakbrnjv wtktq jnltkmys[ 'ktvtynjd vfhrtnbyu-vbrcf. Вct 'nj ghtljghtltkztn ckj;yjcnm ghbyznbz htitybq d jnyjitybb hfphf,jnrb rjvgktrcf vfhrtnbyuf

В wtkjv cnhfntubz vfhrtnbyuf-vbrc jghtltkztncz gjpbwbzvb b dpfbvjltqcndbzvb cnhfntubq d jnyjitybb cktle.ob[ j,]trnjd: rjvgktrcysq ghjlern (cj,cndtyyj ghjlern, fccjhnbvtyn, cthdbc), rjvgktrcyfz wtyf (ghjlf;yfz wtyf, wtyf gjnht,ktybz, eckjdbz jgkfns), rjvgktrcyjt hfcghtltktybt (crkflbhjdfybt, gjcnfdrb, hf,jnf c rkbtynfvb, rfyfks c,snf, jhufybpfwbz ghjlf;), rjvgktrc rjvveybrfwbq (dpfbvjltqcndbt, htrkfvf, cnbvekbhjdfybt c,snf, ghzvjq vfhrtnbyu, kbxyst ghjlf;b).

Сktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj ntjhbz vfhrtnbyuf-vbrc lkbntkmyjt dhtvz zdkzkfcm ljcnfnjxyj 'aatrnbdyjq, [jnz b yfghfdktyf yf cjdthitybt tlbybxyjq cltkrb regkb-ghjlf;b.

Иynthtcyjq ghtlcnfdkztncz hfphf,jnrf ytvtwrb[ cgtwbfkbcnjd, d rjnjhjq fyfkbpbhetncz 'djk.wbz vfhrtnbyujdjq rjywtgwbb eghfdktybz b vfhrtnbyujdjuj bycnhevtynfhbz d Гthvfybb.

Дheubv ceotcndtyysv afrnjhjv, yfhzle c bycnhevtynfhbtv, rjnjhsq jghtltkztn 'aatrnbdyjcnm ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf, zdkztncz jrhe;f.ofz chtlf. Иvtyyj jrhe;f.ofz chtlf jghtltkztn djpvj;yjcnm b htpekmnfnbdyjcnm dpfbvjltqcndbz dct[ ce,]trnjd vfhrtnbyujdjq cbcntvs. Пhjwtcc dpfbvjltqcndbz ghtlghbybvfntkz b jrhe;f.otq chtls yjcbn j,vtyysq [fhfrnth. Пhtlghbybvfntkm aeyrwbjybhetn d jghtltktyyjq chtlt, htfkbpetn cdjb yjdfnjhcrj-bpj,htnfntkmcrbt cgjcj,yjcnb, f c lheujq cnjhjys, jy jceotcndkztn ghtj,hfpjdfybt chtls, nfr rfr jyf cnfyjdbncz j,]trnjv tuj ltzntkmyjcnb.

Нfb,jktt zcyj 'nj dpfbvjltqcndbt vj;yj dbltnm bp vjltkb chtls vt;leyfhjlyjuj vfhrtnbyuf, rjnjhfz ghtlcnfdktyf yf hbc.1.1.

Тf,kbwf 1.1. Эdjk.wbz vfhrtnbyuf

Кfr dblyj, lkz ecgtiyjuj hfpdbnbz ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf, rfr dyenhb cnhfys, nfr b pf tt ghtltkfvb, ytj,[jlbvj exbnsdfnm wtksq hzl afrnjhjd b eckjdbq, gjl djpltqcndbtv rjnjhs[ crkflsdf.ncz b gjllth;bdf.ncz djpvj;yjcnb ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb.

Мfhrtnbyu rfr abkjcjabz dtltybz ,bpytcf b rfr bycnhevtynfhbq ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb dytlhztncz d 'rjyjvbxtcrbt jnyjitybz Рjccbb c jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Эnj rfcftncz dct[ jnhfcktq 'rjyjvbrb: rfr ghjvsiktyyjcnb, ctkmcrjuj [jpzqcndf, caths eckeu, nfr b ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf.

Пj lfyysv Оhufybpfwbb О,]tlbytyys[ Нfwbq, d cnherneht vbhjdjq 'rjyjvbrb djphfcnftn pyfxbvjcnm fuhfhyj-ghjvsiktyyjuj ctrnjhf b cthdbcyjuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf. Зf he,t;jv ,eleott j,otcndj yfpsdf.n cthdbcysv bkb 'rjyjvbrjq eckeu, nfr rfr cxbnftncz, xnj ,jktt gjkjdbys yfwbjyfkmyjuj ghjlernf ,eltn ghjbpdjlbnmcz d catht eckeu. В hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[ ghjwtcc gtht[jlf r cthdbcyjve j,otcnde e;t yfxfkcz.

Эnj jpyfxftn, xnj, rfr b d 'gj[e ghjvsiktyyjq htdjk.wbb, nht,e.ncz yjdst eghfdktyxtcrbt b jhufybpfwbjyyst htitybz d vfhrtnbyut, d nt[yjkjubb, d eghfdktybb dpfbvjjnyjitybzvb vt;le k.lmvb: hf,jnybrfvb abhvs b rkbtynfvb. О,otcndj j[dfnsdftn "cthdbcyfz" rjyrehtywbz, rjyrehtywbz d catht j,cke;bdfybz, xnj dspsdftn ytj,[jlbvjcnm yjdjq jhufybpfwbjyyjq kjubrb ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf gj chfdytyb. c bylecnhbfkmysv j,otcndjv.

Уckeub ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, ult jyb jrfpsdf.ncz: d ghjvsiktyyjcnb (nt[ybxtcrjt j,cke;bdfybt b htvjyn, j,extybt gthcjyfkf, rjycekmnfwbb, j,tcgtxtybt vfnthbfkfvb b n.l.) bkb d nhflbwbjyyjq catht eckeu (,fyrb, ujcnbybws, htcnjhfys, nehbpv b n.l.) - cnfyjdzncz bcnjxybrjv rjyrehtynyjuj ghtbveotcndf.

Эnj nht,etn yjdjuj gjl[jlf r eghfdktyb., r vfhrtnbyue, gthcjyfke, abyfycfv. В cdzpb c 'nbv vfhrtnbyu yt vj;tn jcnfdfnmcz jnltkmyjq aeyrwbtq njkmrj cgtwbfkbcnjd gj vfhrtnbyue b c,sne. Оndtncndtyyjcnm bvttn ntyltywb. r hfcibhtyb.: jn hf,jnybrf, ytgjchtlcndtyyj j,cke;bdf.otuj rkbtynf, lj dscituj herjdjlcndf abhvjq. Уghfdktybt vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnm. cnfyjdbncz ghthjufnbdjq dscituj herjdjlcndf, jlyjq bp ukfdys[ tuj aeyrwbq. Пj'njve, rjulf htxm bltn j, eckeuf[, df;ty yt njkmrj vfhrtnbyujdsq bycnhevtynfhbq, yj b vtytl;vtyn vfhrtnbyuf, rjnjhsq jhbtynbhetn dc. cbcntve eghfdktybz abhvjq yf hsyjr, yf frnbdyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt dct[ ce,]trnjd hsyrf. В nfrjq cbnefwbb vfhrtnbyu-vbrc zdkztncz juhfybxtyysv, nfr rfr jy yt j[dfnsdftn dct[ htcehcjd, dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb b ghjwtccjd dj dpfbvjjnyjitybz[ c gjregfntkzvb yf hfpys[ cnflbz[ ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf. Мfhrtnbyu hfcibhztn cdjb aeyrwbb, n.t. yfhzle c aeyrwbzvb bccktljdfybz, cnbvekbhjdfybz c,snf b hfcghtltktybz eckeub, gjzdkztncz aeyrwbz dpfbvjltqcndbz c gjregfntktv. Тfrjt dpfbvjltqcndbt, ljkujchjxyst dpfbvjjnyjitybz c rkbtynjd j,[jlzncz yfvyjuj ltitdkt, xtv vfhrtnbyujdst hfc[jls, jceotcndkztvst lkz ecbktybz bynthtcf r njdfhe (eckeut) abhvs e yjdjuj rkbtynf. Гhtyhjjc cxbnftn, xnj pfdjtdfybt yjdjuj rkbtynf j,[jlbncz d 6 hfp ljhj;t, xtv lj,bnmcz gjdnjhys[ ghjlf; ceotcnde.otve gjregfntk.. А tckb rkbtyn eitk yteljdktndjhtyysv, nj tuj pfdjtdfybt ,eltn cnjbnm abhvt d 25 hfp ljhj;t [62].

Рbc.1.2. Мjltkm ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf dpfbvjjnyjitybq c gjregfntktv (vjltkm nht[ cnflbq gj Гhtyhjjce)

В Сrfylbyfdcrjq irjkt bcgjkmpetncz cktle.ott jghtltktybt vfhrtnbyuf: Мfhrtnbyu ceotcndetn, xnj,s c dsujljq ecnfyfdkbdfnm, gjllth;bdfnm b ekexifnm dpfbvjjnyjitybz c gjregfntkzvb b lheubvb ce,]trnfvb nfr, xnj,s eljdktndjhzkbcm wtkb exfcnde.ob[ d cltkrt cnjhjy. Вdtltybt yjdjuj jghtltktybz yt jpyfxftn jnrfpf jn nhflbwbjyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf xtnsht[ "Р", aeyrwbb rjnjhjuj gj-ght;ytve jcnf.ncz d hfvrf[ cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj jnltkf vfhrtnbyuf. Нj, d nj ;t dhtvz aeyrwbtq vfhrtnbyuf yf lheujv, dscitv ehjdyt, j[dfnsdf.otq dct jnltks jhufybpfwbb bkb abhvs, zdkztncz eghfdktybt dpfbvjltqcndbtv (gj Нjhvfyye - vjvtynfvb bcnbys). Мjvtyn bcnbys - 'nj vjvtyn dpfbvjltqcndbz vt;le gjregfntkzvb (bkb b[ ghtlcnfdbntkzvb) b hfpkbxysvb htcehcfvb abhvs, n.t. 'nj k.,jt cjghbrjcyjdtybt rkbtynf c ghjbpdjlbntktv eckeu. Гhtyhjjc cxbnftn, xnj vjvtyns bcnbys - ukfdysq j,]trn dybvfybz vtytl;vtynf b vfhrtnbyuf eckeu.

Мfhrtnbyue dpfbvjltqcndbz, rfr b nhflbwbjyyjve vfhrtnbyue (xtnsht[ "Р") jndtltys jghtltktyyst hjkb d cnbvekbhjdfybb c,snf, utythbhjdfybb cghjcf b ghb,skb yf hfpys[ cnflbz[ ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf dpfbvjjnyjitybq c gjregfntktv (hbc.1.2.). Кfr dblyj, yf gthdjyfxfkmyjq cnflbb wtkm. vfhrtnbyuf zdkztncz cjplfybt bynthtcf r abhvt b tt eckeufv, dtlm pltcm htxm bltn j gjntywbfkmys[ rkbtynf[, rjnjhst, djpvj;yj, lf;t yt jcdtljvktys j yfkbxbb lfyyjuj ghtlghbznbz, rjnjhjt vj;tn eljdktndjhbnm b[ gjnht,yjcnm d eckeuf[. Тfrfz pflfxf yfbkexibv j,hfpjv dsgjkyztncz gjchtlcndjv nhflbwbjyyjq vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb, bycnhevtynfvb rjnjhjq zdkz.ncz htrkfvf, gthcjyfkmyst ghjlf;b b gf,kbr hbktiyp (cdzpb c j,otcndtyyjcnm.).

Кjulf gjregfntkm jpyfrjvbkcz c ghtlkj;tybtv abhvs, jy dcnegftn yf dnjhe. cnflb. ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf dpfbvjjnyjitybq, nj tcnm d ghjwtcc gjregrb. В 'njn vjvtyn gjregfntkm jwtybdftn ghtlkfuftve. eckeue b chfdybdftn cj cdjbv ghtlcnfdktybtv j njv, xnj jy botn b crjkmrj jy ujnjd pf 'nj pfgkfnbnm. Зflfxf cthdbcyjq abhvs yf 'njv 'nfgt - ghtdhfnbnm j,oe. pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm rkbtynf d htfkmye. ghjlf;e. Пhtlghbznbt lftn rjyrhtnyst j,tofybz j cdjb[ j,zpfntkmcndf[ gthtl gjregfntktv d yflt;lt yf nj, xnj jyb ghbyzns. И pltcm e;t vjuen ,snm bcgjkmpjdfys yt njkmrj vthjghbznbz nhflbwbjyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf, yj b vfhrtnbyu dpfbvjltqcndbz: dtlm gjntywbfkmysq gjregfntkm ghb[jlbn d abhve, dcnhtxftncz c tt hf,jnybrfvb dblbn tt j,jheljdfybt b pyfrjvbncz c cbcntvjq j,cke;bdfybz tot lj njuj, rfr jy ghbyzk jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt j gjregrt. Нfcrjkmrj ,kfujghbznyjt dgtxfnktybt ghjbpdtltn 'nj ytgjchtlcndtyyjt pyfrjvcndj gjregfntkz c djpvj;yjcnzvb abhvs, pfdbcbn jn 'aatrnbdyjcnb jhufybpfwbb b eghfdktybz vfhrtnbyujv dpfbvjltqcndbz.

Еckb htpekmnfn jwtyrb gjntywbfkmysv gjregfntktv abhvs b tt eckeu ,sk gjkj;bntkmysv, nj 'nj ghbdjlbn r nhtnmtq cnflbb ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf - ghjwtcce gjnht,ktybz. Нf 'njq cnflbb gjregfntkm yf ghfrnbrt dblbn cgjcj,yjcnb abhvs htifnm tuj ghj,ktvs b ghtljcnfdkznm tve eckeub. Оn njuj, ,eltn kb gjregfntkm eljdktndjhty rfxtcndjv jrfpfyyjq eckeub bkb ytn, ,elen kb dsgjkytys hfytt lfyyst abhvjq j,tofybz bkb yt ,elen, pfdbcbn djpvj;yjcnm gjdnjhys[ ghjlf; b cjplfybt lj,hj;tkfntkmyjuj b ,kfujghbznyjuj vytybz j abhvt. Иnfr, pflfxtq vfhrtnbyuf yf 'njq cnflbb zdkztncz ghjljk;tybt dpfbvjjnyjitybq c lfyysv gjnht,bntktv. Тhflbwbjyysq vfhrtnbyu, njhujdst futyns b htrkfvf vfkj xtv vjuen gjvjxm d ajhvbhjdfybb gjkj;bntkmyjuj jnyjitybz r eckeut gjckt tt gjnht,ktybz. Зltcm pf ecgt[ bkb ytelfxe ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnm vfhrtnbyujdfz aeyrwbz dpfbvjltqcndbz. Вybvfybt herjdjlbntktq ljk;yj ,snm cjchtljnjxtyj yf njv, xnj,s vjvtyns bcnbys, jcnfdbkb [jhjitt djcgjvbyfybt e gjnht,bntktq, xnj,s chtlcndf ghjbpdjlcndf b ghjbpdjlcndtyyst ghjwtccs ,skb jhbtynbhjdfys yf gjkyjt eljdktndjhtybt gjnht,yjcntq gjregfntkz, n.t. jhbtynbhjdfys yf hsyjr

Зyfxbn, ytj,[jlbvj eghfdkznm vjvtynfvb bcnbys, nj tcnm vjvtynfvb, rjulf ghjbpdjlbntkm eckeu bvttn djpvj;yjcnm ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm gjnht,bntk. rfxtcndj cdjtuj j,cke;bdfybz. Пhjwtcc ghjbpdjlcndf b gjcnfdrb eckeu dctulf ljk;ty gkfybhjdfnmcz b dsgjkyznmcz nfr, xnj,s yt ghjbc[jlbkj ybrfrb[ ytelfxys[ vjvtynjd bcnbys. И pltcm htif.oe. hjkm buhf.n hf,jnybrb, dpfbvjltqcnde.obt c gjnht,bntkzvb (nfr yfpsdftvsq rjynfrnbhe.obq gthcjyfk). Оyb cksifn cbuyfks hsyrf b bvt.n djpvj;yjcnm ytpfvtlkbntkmyj b ub,rj ghbcgjcf,kbdfnmcz r pfghjcfv gjnht,bntkz. Оyb ljk;ys ,snm d cjcnjzybb cktljdfnm gj;tkfybzv gjnht,bntkz, fyfkbpbhjdfnm b[ b yf[jlbnm ds[jl bp cbnefwbq, rjulf gjregfntkm yt eljdktndjhty rfxtcndjv j,cke;bdfybz.

Нtljcnfnjr pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb d [jhjitv j,cke;bdfybb, ytlhe;tk.,yjt jnyjitybt cj cnjhjys rjynfrnbhe.otuj gthcjyfkf gjhnzn rfxtcndj cthdbcf b pfnhelyz.n aeyrwbjybhjdfybt dctq abhvs. Нteljdktndjhtyyst b hfccth;tyyst gjnht,bntkb ghtl]zdkz.n ghtntypbb, xnj cjplftn kbiy.. hf,jne b pfvtlkztn ghjwtcc j,cke;bdfybz. Пj'njve ytjcgjhbvj df;yf jhbtynfwbz hf,jnybrjd yf jnkbxyjt j,cke;bdfybt b gjdtltybt. Эnb[ hf,jnybrjd Гevvtcjy (1981 u.) yfpdfk "vfhrtnjkjufvb gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde", pflfxtq rjnjhs[ zdkztncz eghfdktybt dpfbvjltqcndbzvb b vjvtynfvb bcnbys.

Мfhrtnjkjub gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde ljk;ys exbnmcz dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb nfr, xnj,s gjregfntkb pf[jntkb dthyenmcz lkz ytghthsdyjuj jceotcndktybz ghjwtccf regkb-ghjlf;b. Тfrbv j,hfpjv, jyb cgjcj,cnde.n erhtgktyb. dpfbvjjnyjitybq c gjregfntktv. Сktljdfntkmyj, jyb ljk;ys exbnmcz ltqcndjdfnm, gjvyz j hsyrt, f b[ herjdjlbntkb ljk;ys exbnmcz levfnm yf zpsrt vfhrtnbyuf b cvjnhtnm yf dct ukfpfvb gjregfntkz.

О,j,ofz, vj;yj crfpfnm, xnj nhflbwbjyysv vfhrtnbyujv (bccktljdfybtv hsyrf b rjvgktrcjv vfhrtnbyuf) ljk;ys pfybvfnmcz cgtwbfkbcns jnltkf vfhrtnbyuf, f vfhrtnbyu dpfbvjltqcndbz yf[jlbncz d herf[ "vfhrtnjkjujd gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde". И d cathe dybvfybz vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjltqcndbz ljk;ty gjgfcnm rf;lsq afrnjh ghjbpdjlcndf eckeub, rf;lsq bcgjkmpetvsq ghjbpdjlcndtyysq htcehc, rf;lfz cnflbz ghjbpdjlcndf b gjcnfdrb eckeub. Мfhrtnjkjub gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf vfhrtnbyu b gjregfntktq yf nhtnmtq cnflbb ;bpytyyjuj wbrkf dpfbvjjnyjitybq - d ghjwtcct gjnht,ktybz. Еckb yt ,eltn 'aatrnbdyjuj vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjltqcndbz, nj j,tofybz, lfyyst htrkfvjq (nj tcnm nhflbwbjyysv vfhrtnbyujv), yt ,elen dsgjkytys d ghjwtcct cfvjuj jceotcndktybz jgthfwbq.

Дjkujchjxyfz vfhrtnbyujdfz cnhfntubz abhvs, ytjn]tvktvjq b jcyjdyjq xfcnm. rjnjhjq zdkztncz vfhrtnbyu dpfbvjltqcndbz b rjnjhfz, cjjndtncndtyyj, yfghfdktyf yf hfpdbnbt b ekexitybt ytghthsdys[ jnyjitybq c gjregfntktv, ,skf yfpdfyf Бthhb (1983 u.) vfhrtnbyujv dpfbvjjnyjitybq. Пhb jceotcndktybb 'njq cnhfntubb jcyjdyjq wtkm. zdkztncz njhujdkz c ceotcnde.obvb gjregfntkzvb, [jnz gj-ght;ytve df;yj gjkexbnm yjds[ rkbtynjd [62].

Сktljdfnm vfhrtnbyujdjq cnhfntubb dpfbvjjnyjitybq abhve dsye;lf.n hfpyjj,hfpyst ghbxbys: bpvtytybt d nt[yjkjubb, edtkbxbdf.ofzcz nht,jdfntkmyjcnm gjregfntktq b rjyrehtywbz, rjnjhfz pfcnfdkztn abhve lbaathtywbhjdfnm cdjt ghtlkj;tybt pf cxtn ghtdjc[jlcndf d eghfdktybb dpfbvjjnyjitybzvb.

Кjytxyj, vfhrtnbyu dpfbvjjnyjitybq - 'nj yt tlbycndtyyfz ceotcnde.ofz vfhrtnbyujdfz cnhfntubz, ytcvjnhz yf tt dcё djphfcnf.oe. df;yjcnm. Мfhrtnbyu dpfbvjjnyjitybq vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr jlby bp 'rcnhtvevjd ytghthsdyjuj hzlf vfhrtnbyujds[ cnhfntubq. Дheubv 'rcnhtvevjv 'njuj hzlf zdkztncz vfhrtnbyu cltkjr, nj tcnm cnhfntubz, rjnjhfz pfrk.xftncz d cnhtvktybb ghjdjlbnm jgthfwbb c k.,sv lfyysv gjregfntktv ,tp wtktyfghfdktyyjuj hfpdbnbz rfrb[-kb,j lkbntkmys[ dpfbvjjnyjitybq c 'nbv gjregfntktv. Кjytxyj, yf ghfrnbrt abhvs rjv,bybhe.n 'ktvtyns 'nb[ lde[ cnhfntubq.

Нf hbc. 1.3. 'rcnhtvevs hzlf vfhrtnbyujds[ cnhfntubq hfccvfnhbdf.ncz c njxrb phtybz hfpkbxys[ fcgtrnjd: ljvbybhe.otuj dblf vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb, jcyjds rjyrehtynyjuj ghtbveotcndf, xedcndbntkmyjcnb gjregfntktq r bpvtytyb. wtys b cdzpb vfhrtnbyuf c lheubvb aeyrwbjyfkmysvb gjlhfpltktybzvb d jhufybpfwbb.

Кfr dblyj bp hbc. 1.3. ghjbpdjlbntkm egfrjdfyys[ gjnht,bntkmcrb[ njdfhjd j,sxyj ghblth;bdftncz vfhrtnbyujdjq cnhfntubb cltkjr. Пjnht,bntkmcrbt njdfhs lkbntkmyjuj gjkmpjdfybz e;t ye;lf.ncz d ytrjnjhjv cvtotybb cnhfntubb d cnjhjye vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjjnyjitybq. Пhjlf;f ghjvsiktyyjuj j,jheljdfybz crjhtt nzujnttn r cnhfntubb, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf dpfbvjjnyjitybz. Нj lkz vfccjdj ghjbpdjlbvs[ rjvgjytynjd c ybprjq cnjbvjcnm. tlbybws ghjlerwbb xfcnj ,jktt 'aatrnbdys b gjktpys fuhtccbdyst ghjlf;b b wtyjdfz rjyrehtywbz, n.t. vfhrtnbyu cltkjr. Эnj jcj,tyyj dthyj d cbnefwbz[, rjulf hsyjr tot yt ckbirjv phtksq b rjulf ghjlfdtw ,kfujlfhz, yfghbvth, jnlfxt jn vfcinf,f edthty, xnj b d ,eleotv cvj;tn gjllth;bdfnm ,jktt ybprbq ehjdtym wty xtv tuj rjyrehtyns.

Нj lkz dct[ 'nb[ dbljd njdfhjd hfcibhtybt dpfbvjjnyjitybq c gjregfntkzvb pf cxtn cnhfntubxtcrjuj vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjjnyjitybq vj;tn cnfnm ecgtiysv b dsujlysv cgjcj,jv lbaathtywbfwbb.

Оhufybpfwbz, ghtlkfuf.ofz ,snjdst, ghjvsiktyyst, rjvveyfkmyst b ytrjvvthxtcrbt eckeub, xfot dctuj cktletn cnhfntubb, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf vfhrtnbyu dpfbvjjnyjitybq. Хjnz 'njve ghfdbke ibhjrj cktle.n yf ghfrnbrt, ,sdf.n b ckexfb, rjulf ,jktt ecgtity lheujq dbl cnhfntubb. Кf;lfz abhvf, cltkfd fyfkbp cdjb[ cbkmys[ b ckf,s[ cnjhjy, gjkj;tybz rjyrehtynjd b cjcnjzybz hsyrf, ljk;yf yfqnb lkz ct,z jgnbvfkmyjt cjxtnfybt vfhrtnbyuf cltkjr b vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjjnyjitybq, byfxt abhvf ,eltn ytghjlernbdyj bcgjkmpjdfnm nt juhfybxtyyst htcehcs, rjnjhst bvt.ncz d tt hfcgjhz;tybb, f pfnhfns yf vfhrtnbyu cnfyen ytj,jcyjdfyyj dscjrbvb.

Рbc.1.3.Нtghthsdysq hzl vfhrtnbyujds[ cnhfntubq

В vfhrtnbyut cltkjr df;ye. hjkm buhf.n ibhjrjvfcinf,yst htrkfvyst rfvgfybb, f byjulf b gthcjyfkmyst ghjlf;b. Пjxnb dctulf bcgjkmpetncz wtyjdfz rjyrehtywbz, gjnjve xnj gjregfntkb jxtym xedcndbntkmys r djghjcfv wtys. Пjregfntktq elth;bdf.n njkmrj jnkbxyst nt[ybxtcrbt [fhfrnthbcnbrb cfvjuj njdfhf b ghtcnb; abhvs-ghjbpdjlbntkz, yj b lj nt[ gjh, gjrf rjyrehtyn yt ghtlkj;bn c[jlyjt nt[ybxtcrjt htitybt gj ,jktt ybprjq wtyt. Пhb 'njv gjl[jlt ,jkmibycndj vfhrtnbyujds[ pflfx vjuen ,hfnm yf ct,z hf,jnybrb jnltkf vfhrtnbyuf.

В vfhrtnbyut dpfbvjjnyjitybq, rfr erfpsdfkjcm dsit, ghtj,kflftn ltzntkmyjcnm gj eghfdktyb. dpfbvjltqcndbtv "gjregfntkm-ghjlfdtw". Рtif.obvb cjcnfdysvb xfcnzvb nfrjq cnhfntubb zdkz.ncz ltzntkmyjcnm "vfhrtnjkjujd gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde", jhbtynfwbz cbcntv j,cke;bdfybz yf gjnht,bntkz, evtybt b ;tkfybt gjregfntktq cjnhelybxfnm. Кjytxyj, ytj,[jlbvs nfr;t ytrjnjhst rjvgjytyns nhflbwbjyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf-vbrc: yfghbvth, flhtcyfz hfccskrf htrkfvs gj gjxnt b gthcjyfkmyst ghjlf;b lkz cjplfybz bynthtcf chtlb gjntywbfkmys[ gjregfntktq. Еckb ntcyst dpfbvjjnyjitybz vt;le ghjlfdwjv b gjregfntktv e;t ceotcnde.n, nj yt njkmrj dsujlyfz wtyf, yj b gjnjrb byajhvfwbb, cjdvtcnyjt nt[yjkjubxtcrjt hfpdbnbt b ljkujchjxyst abyfycjdst rjynfrns elth;bdf.n rjynhfutynjd dvtcnt. Нf 'njv ajyt wtyf cnfyjdbncz vtytt df;ysv chtlcndjv rjyrehtywbb. Кjyrehtynyjt ghtbveotcndj ,fpbhetncz yf jnkbxyjv j,cke;bdfybb b elj,cndt ghjwtccf gjkextybz njdfhf bkb eckeub, yj ghbtvktvsq ehjdtym rfxtcndf cfvjuj ghjlernf nfr;t zdkztncz ytj,[jlbvjq ghtlgjcskrjq. Дkz jhufybpfwbb nfrjuj jnkbxyjuj j,cke;bdfybz b cthdbcyjq jhbtynfwbb abhvs ytj,[jlbvj dpfbvjltqcndbt vt;le vfhrtnbyujv b, yfghbvth, eghfdktybtv gthcjyfkjv bkb jgthfwbzvb. Эnj cktletn bp gthdjcntgtyyjq df;yjcnb aeyrwbjybhjdfybz "vfhrtnjkjujd gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde".

Кjulf bcgjkmpetncz vfhrtnbyujdfz cnhfntubz cltkjr, rf;lfz jgthfwbz c gjregfntktv hfccvfnhbdftncz d bpjkzwbb jn lheub[ rjynfrnjd c 'nbv ;t gjregfntktv, gjregfntkb edtkbxbdf.n j,ott xbckj cltkjr, n.t. ljk. hsyrf. Сjcnfd ljkb hsyrf j,sxyj yt bpdtcnty: vs yt pyftv, jcyjdfyf kb lfyyfz ljkz hsyrf yf cnf,bkmyjq gjregfntkmcrjq ,fpt, jceotcndkz.otq gjdnjhyst gjregrb, bkb gjregfntkb ghb[jlzn b e[jlzn. Чtv ,jkmit gjnthzyys[ gjregfntktq yflj pfvtybnm yjdsvb, xnj,s gjllth;fnm cnf,bkmysq hfpvth ljkb hsyrf, ntv dsit pfnhfns yf vfhrtnbyu.

Еckb abhvf cktlbn njkmrj pf hfpvthjv cdjtq ljkb hsyrf, jyf, dgjkyt djpvj;yj, ,eltn eljdktndjhtyf cdjbvb ljcnb;tybzvb. Рerjdjlcndj abhvs vj;tn yt pfvtnbnm, xnj pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm b[ jcyjdys[ gjregfntktq nthztncz b pfvtyztncz yjdsvb gjntywbfkmysvb gjregfntkzvb. Сktlcndbtv nfrjuj gjkj;tybz ltk ,elen ytjghfdlfyyj ,jkmibt pfnhfns yf vfhrtnbyu b cjplfybt gkj[jq htgenfwbb abhvs bp-pf ;fkj, yteljdktndjhtyys[ gjregfntktq. Чnj,s 'njuj yt ghjbpjikj, vtytl;ths ljk;ys eghfdkznm yt ljktq hsyrf, f jcyjdysvb gjregfntkzvb abhvs, nj tcnm lth;fnm gjl rjynhjktv dpfbvjjnyjitybz c gjregfntktv ('rjyjvbxtcre. gjljgktre ljkb hsyrf), f yt njkmrj cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst. И 'nf pflfxf ljk;yf htifnmcz yf cfvjv dscjrjv ehjdyt eghfdktybz abhvjq.

Мfhrtnbyu dpfbvjltqcndbz rfr hfp b jndtxftn pflfxfv eghfdktybz jcyjdysvb gjregfntkzvb. В tuj jceotcndktybb exfcnde.n dct hf,jnybrb, rjynfrnbhe.obt c gjregfntkzvb, - "vfhrtnjkjub gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde". Оyb vjuen hf,jnfnm dj dct[ jnltkf[ abhvs, f gjnjve gkfybhjdfybt, rjjhlbyfwbb b rjynhjkm b[ vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb yt vj;tn cjchtljnfxbdfnmcz d herf[ njkmrj jnltkf vfhrtnbyuf. Эnbv ljk;yj pfybvfnmcz dscitt herjdjlcndj abhvs. Пj'njve vtytl;vtyn vfhrtnbyuf d rjyntrcnt eckeu, ult d jnkbxbt jn ghjbpdjlcndf gjnht,bntkmcrb[ njdfhjd, xfot bcgjkmpetncz vfhrtnbyujdfz cnhfntubz dpfbvjjnyjitybz, yt vj;tn ,snm ghjcnj eghfdktybtv jnltkf vfhrtnbyuf b c,snf. Мtytl;vtyn vfhrtnbyuf ljk;ty htifnm djghjcs, pfnhfubdf.obt hfpyjj,hfpyst aeyrwbjyfkmyst gjlhfpltktybz abhvs: dtlm dcz jhufybpfwbjyyfz cnhernehf ghtlghbznbz, pfybvf.otujcz eckeufvb, ljk;yf ,snm ghjybpfyf vfhrtnbyujdjq blttq b gjllth;bdfnm vfhrtnbyu.

Мfhrtnbyu-vbrc, rfr jnvtxfkjcm, ghtlgjkfuftn rjvgktrcyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt vfhrtnbyujdjuj bycnhevtynfhbz, n.t. ghjdtltybt njdfhyjq, wtyjdjq, hfcghtltkbntkmyjq bkb c,snjdjq, f nfr;t rjvveybrfnbdyjq gjkbnbrb d cbcntvt ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf.

В nj ;t dhtvz, cktletn cxbnfnm 'aatrnbdysv vfhrtnbyujdsv bycnhevtynjv jhufybpfwb. b ghjdtltybt vfhrtnbyujds[ bccktljdfybq b ,tyxvfhrbyuf. Тtjhbz vfhrtnbyuf dpfbvjltqcndbz yt jndthuftn, f yfj,jhjn hfpdbdftn b rfxtcndtyyj ljgjkyztn 'nb bycnhevtyns. Нfb,jktt e,tlbntkmyj 'nj ghjzdkztncz d ntjhbb ctntq.

Нfxbyfz c rjywf 1970-[ ujljd ytcrjkmrj, d jcyjdyjv tdhjgtqcrb[, irjk vfhrtnbyuf cjchtljnjxbkb cdjt dybvfybt yf fyfkbpt vt;jhufybpfwbjyyjuj j,vtyf. Тtjhtnbxtcrb b 'vgbhbxtcrb vjuen ,snm dsltktys hfpkbxyst ajhvs j,vtyf, yfxbyfz c hsyjxys[ cltkjr b pfrfyxbdfz rhfnrj- b ljkujchjxysvb dpfbvjjnyjitybzvb vt;le ldevz gfhnythfvb. Тtjhbz ctntq ,fpbhetncz yf bccktljdfybz[, ghjdtltyys[ "Гheggjq ghjvsiktyyjuj vfhrtnbyuf b pfregjr" (Хjrfycjy, 1982). Иccktljdfybz 'njq uheggs bc[jlbkb bp 'vgbhbxtcrjuj ghtlgjkj;tybz, xnj ljkujchjxyst vt;jhufybpfwbjyyst cdzpb zdkz.ncz j,sxysv zdktybtv lkz ghjvsiktyys[ hsyrjd. Вjpybrkj yjdjt yfghfdktybt, pfybvf.ottcz dpfbvjltqcndbzvb vt;le ce,]trnfvb hsyrjd b ctnzvb b[ cdzptq.

В ctntdjv gjl[jlt r hsyre bcgjkmpe.ncz hfpkbxyst ntjhtnbxtcrbt bcnjxybrb, drk.xfz ntjhb. htcehcyjq pfdbcbvjcnb, ntjhb. cbcntv, ntjhb. cjwbfkmyjuj j,vtyf. Пjlhj,ytt 'nj bpkj;tyj d hf,jnf[ Мfnncjyf, Хjrfycjyf, Аrctkmcjyf b Иcnjyf, Ю[fyctyf. Сtntdjq gjl[jl hfccvfnhbdftn ghjvsiktyyst hsyrb rfr jnyjitybz j,vtyf vt;le vyj;tcndjv jhufybpfwbq. Пjyznbt ghjvsiktyyst ctnb bcgjkmpetncz lkz jgbcfybz cdzpfyys[ vt;le cj,jq jnyjitybq.

Оcyjdyjq wtkm. ctntdjuj gjl[jlf zdkztncz ljcnb;tybt uke,jrjuj gjybvfybz ckj;ys[ cbcntv vt;jhufybpfwbjyys[ jnyjitybq xthtp jgbcfybt. Сdzpb vt;le jhufybpfwbzvb dctulf cnf,bkmys b ghjljk;bntkmys. Сtntdjq gjl[jl dctulf hfccvfnhbdftn rfr 'rjyjvbxtcrbt, nfr b yt'rjyjvbxtcrbt cdzpb vt;le exfcnybrfvb. Дkz [fhfrnthbcnbrb jnyjitybq fyfkbpe gjldthuf.ncz nbgbxyj 'rjyjvbxtcrbt, cjwbfkmyst, nt[ybxtcrbt, kjubcnbxtcrbt, flvbybcnhfnbdyst, byajhvfwbjyyst b .hblbxtcrbt jnyjitybz. Оcj,jt dybvfybt eltkztncz bpextyb. j,otq ghbhjls jnyjitybq.

Сdzpfyyst exfcnybrb hsyrf drk.xf.n yt njkmrj ghjlfdwjd b gjregfntktq, yj b dct pfbynthtcjdfyyst jhufybpfwbb: jhufys ghfdbntkmcndf, jhufybpfwbb rjycekmnfynjd, ,fyrb, bccktljdfntkmcrbt bycnbnens b n.l. Бelexb ,kbprbv r ntjhbb cjwbfkmyjuj j,vtyf, ctntdjq gjl[jl hfccvfnhbdftn jhufybpfwbb rfr cjwbfkmyst tlbybws. Кf;lsq exfcnybr pfybvftn d ctnb jghtltktyyjt gjkj;tybt. Оyj vj;tn ,snm jghtltktyj rfr hjkm, rjnjhe. jhufybpfwbz buhftn gj jnyjityb. r lheubv jhufybpfwbzv, c rjnjhsvb jyf cdzpfyf ghzvj bkb rjcdtyyj. Пjkj;tybt d ctnb jghtltkztn cnhfntubxtcrjt gjkj;tybt abhvs: djpvj;yjcnb b ghtgzncndbz r djgkjotyb. d ;bpym tt cnhfntubb. С 'nbv cdzpfyf rjywtgwbz cnhfntubxtcrjuj j,hfpf abhvs, rjnjhfz jnyjcbncz r dpukzlfv (dyenhtyybv b dytiybv) yf hjkm abhvs b tt gjkj;tybt gj jnyjityb. r lheubv abhvfv.

Сjukfcyj ctntdjq ntjhbb, pflfxf vfhrtnbyuf - yfqnb gjkj;tybt lkz abhvs d ctnb, f pfntv hfpdbdfnm b pfobofnm tuj. Оcyjdyjt ghtlgjkj;tybt pfrk.xftncz d njv, xnj jnltkmyfz abhvf pfdbcbn jn htcehcjd, rjynhjkbhetvs[ lheubvb abhvfvb. Иcgjkmpez cdjt gjkj;tybt d ctnb abhvf vj;tn gjkexbnm ljcneg r 'nbv dytiybv htcehcfv. В cdzpb c 'nbv gjkj;tybt abhvs d ctnb vj;yj hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr hsyjxysq htcehc, f bydtcnbwbb d ytt xhtpdsxfqyj df;ys.

В ghjwtcct 'rjyjvbxtcrb[ ghtj,hfpjdfybq, ghjbc[jlzob[ d gtht[jlyjv gthbjlt, ghtlghbybvfntkb b vtytl;ths cnfkrbdf.ncz cj pyfxbntkmysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Дjk;ys ghbybvfnmcz htitybz dscjrjuj cnhfntubxtcrjuj ehjdyz, nfr rfr ghbcencndetn ,jkmijq hbcr b ytjghtltktyyjcnm. В nf,k.1.2. ghtlcnfdktys chfdybntkmyst lfyyst, [fhfrnthbpe.obt bpvtytybz jrhe;f.otq chtls d ghjwtcct gtht[jlf Рjccbb r hsyjxyjq 'rjyjvbrt.

Тf,kbwf 1.2. Сhfdybntkmysq fyfkbp bpvtytybz jrhe;f.otq chtls d gtht[jlysq gthbjl

Иcgjkmpez ctntdjq gjl[jl ghb hfphf,jnrt vfhrtnbyujds[ cnhfntubq, vj;yj yfqnb htitybz vyjub[ ghj,ktv.

О,sxyj d wtynht dybvfybz kbnthfnehs gj cnhfntubb ,bpytcf cnjbn gjybvfybt njuj, xnj lftn jhufybpfwbb djpvj;yjcnm ltqcndjdfnm 'aatrnbdyj d jrhe;f.otq chtlt. Тhflbwbjyysq dpukzl yf ghjwtcc hfphf,jnrb cnhfntubb ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj cnhfntubz ,bpytcf ajhvbhetncz yf jcyjdt jwtyrb htcehcjd jhufybpfwbb b jrhe;f.otq tt chtls. Зfntv hfphf,jnfyyfz cnhfntubz ghbvtyztncz yf ghfrnbrt, ghb 'njv vj;tn ghjbc[jlbnm flfgnfwbz dyenhtyytq chtls jhufybpfwbb lkz ljcnb;tybz cjjndtncndbz vt;le djpvj;yjcnzvb jhufybpfwbb b [fhfrnthbcnbrfvb dytiytq chtls.