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Уlbdbntkmyj, yj dt,-hfphf,jnxbrb c ,jkmijq ytj[jnjq gthtybvf.n vtnjls b gjl[jls, rjnjhst ghbyzns d lheub[ cathf[ ghjuhfvvbhjdfybz b rjnjhst gjpdjkz.n htibnm djpybrf.obt ghj,ktvs. В jcj,tyyjcnb yf rhbnbxtcrb[ cnflbz[ ghjtrnf yfv vjuen gjvjxm jghtltktyyst vtnjls, ghbyznst d catht ghjtrnbhjdfybb ghjuhfvvyjuj j,tcgtxtybz (software engineering).

Зyfrjvmntcm - "use cases"

В jcj,tyyjcnb yfv ghbujlbncz vtnjl gjl yfpdfybtv "use cases" (dfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz). Вfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz gjpdjkz.n ghjcnj b ,scnhj jghtltkbnm b jgbcfnm wtkb ghjtrnf. Эnjn vtnjl ecgtiyj ghbvtyztncz vyjubvb ghjuhfvvbcnfvb lkz jghtltktybz yf yfxfkmyjq afpt hfphf,jnrb wtktq ghbkj;tybz. Нtn ybrfrb[ ghbxby dt,-hfphf,jnxbrfv jnrfpsdfnmcz jn 'njuj vtnjlf. Дf;t ghjtrn, rjnjhsq yf gthdsq dpukzl rf;tncz jxtym ghjcnsv, vj;tn d lfkmytqitv ghtdhfnbnmcz d ytgjdjhjnkbdjuj vjycnhf, tckb djdhtvz yt jghtltkbnmcz c pflfxfvb b wtkzvb.

Тfr xnj ;t nfrjt «dfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz»?

Дkz njuj, xnj,s jghtltkbnm dfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz, yfv ytj,[jlbvj hfccvjnhtnm ldf gjyznbz b nj, rfr jyb cjjnyjczncz lheu c lheujv:

• gjkmpjdfntkb, frnths, ltqcnde.obt kbwf (actors)
• wtkb (goals)

Аrnthfvb cxbnf.ncz dct nt, rnj (bkb xnj) ,elen gjkmpjdfnmcz dfibv dt,-cfqnjv, f nfr;t dct nt, rtv (bkb xtv) dfi dt,-cfqn ,eltn gjkmpjdfnmcz. Цtkb, 'nj nj, xnj jlby, ytcrjkmrj bkb dct ltqcnde.obt kbwf cnhtvzncz lj,bnmcz. Еckb e; ujdjhbnm lj rjywf, nj rf;lsq dfhbfyn bcgjkmpjdfybz ljk;ty jgbcsdfnm jghtltktyye. wtkm b ltqcnde.ob[ kbw, rjnjhst ,elen dsgjkyznm jghtltktyyst ltqcndbz lkz ljcnb;tybz 'njq wtkb.

Аrnёhs (actors) - 'nj dytiybt j,]trns lkz yfituj cfqnf. Мs b[ yt cjplftv b yt eghfdkztv bvb. Оyb buhf.n jghtltktyyst hjkb (roles) yf yfitv cfqnt, dsgjkyzz pflfxb lkz ljcnb;tybz cdjb[ wtktq. Сfvsv jxtdblysv ltqcnde.obv kbwjv yf yfitv cfqnt d ,jkmibycndt dfhbfynjd ,eltn "gjctnbntkm cfqnf". У ytuj djpvj;yj ,eltn ytcrjkmrj wtktq, rfr nj regbnm yf cfqnt yfi "cegthnjdfh", bkb yfghbvth ghjdthbnm cjcnjzybt cdjtuj cxtnf, yfpyfxbnm dcnhtxe, crfxfnm ghjuhfvve, bkb ghjcnj gjxbnfnm yjdjcnb, rjnjhst vs jge,kbretv. Дtqcnde.obvb kbwfvb djdct ytj,zpfntkmyj ljk;ys ,snm k.lb. В ckexft, tckb vs hfphf,fnsdftv cbcntve hfcghjcnhfytybz byajhvfwbb gj ctnb, ltqcnde.obvb kbwfvb yf yfitv cfqnt ,elen "cthdthf-gjnht,bntkb", dsrfxbdf.obt jn yfc lfyyst.

Вyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn xfcnys[ ckexftd, "dfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz" (use cases) jgbcsdf.n wtkb, rjnjhst ljcnbuf.ncz frnthfvb ghb dsgjkytybb jghtltktyys[ pflfx.

Пtht[jlbv r ghfrnbrt

Л.,jq weblog gjpdjkztn tuj dkfltkmwfv dscrfpfnm cdjb vsckb gj jghtltktyyjq ntvt, f gjctnbntkzv weblog-f - ghjxbnfnm 'nb vsckb b, djpvj;yj, jcnfdbnm cdjb pfvtxfybz. Оxtdblysvb frnthfvb nfrjuj cfqnf-weblog-f zdkz.ncz "fdnjhs" b "gjctnbntkb". Аdnjhs buhf.n hjkm cjplfntktq rjyntynf, f gjctnbntkb - hjkm xbnfntktq b rjvvtynfnjhjd. Цtkb nfrjuj ghjtrnf - "lfdfnm byajhvfwb." b "gjkexfnm byajhvfwb.".

Пjckt yt,jkmijuj vjpujdjuj inehvf vs jghtltkbkb, xnj d xbckt pflfx "frnthjd" yfituj cfqnf ,elen - xntybt yjdjcnb, cjplfybt, htlfrnbhjdfybt b elfktybt yjdjcnb, rjvvtynbhjdfybt yjdjcnb, cbylbrfwbz yjdjcnb b rjt-rfrbt flvbybcnhfnbdyst pflfxb, yfghbvth, eghfdktybt ljcnegjv, cjplfybt yjds[ gjkmpjdfntktq b hfplfxf ghbdbktubq. Нtrjnjhst bp 'nb[ pflfx ,elen dsgjkyznm dct frnths, f ytrjnjhst ,elen jnlfys njkmrj jlyjve frnthe. Вct jyb vjuen ,snm drk.xtys d jlby dfhbfyn bcgjkmpjdfybz, rjnjhsq vs yfpjdtv "Пe,kbrfwbz" ("Publish Weblog").

Нb;t ghtlcnfdktyf lbfuhfvvf, rjnjhfz jgbcsdftn jnyjitybz vt;le "frnthfvb" b b[ wtkzvb:

Дbfuhfvvs "dfhbfynjd bcgjkmpjdfybz" gjvjuf.n levfnm j ghjtrnt d hfphtpt jnyjitybq bkb dpfbvjpfdbcbvjcntq (dependencies) vt;le "frnthfvb" b ntv, xnj jyb ltkf.n. Нfghbvth, dgjkyt djpvj;yj, xnj "gjctnbntkb" (visitors) b "fdnjhs" (authors) [jnzn bvtnm djpvj;yjcnm jnscrfnm d weblog-e e;t jge,kbrjdfyye. yjdjcnm:

В yfitq lbfuhfvvt j,f frnthf - gjctnbntkm b fdnjh - vjuen dtcnb gjbcr gj cfqne. Оlyfrj, abpbxtcrb ytdjpvj;yj bcrfnm nj, xnj tot yt jge,kbrjdfyj, gj'njve dfhbfyn "Пjbcr" (Search Content) pfdbcbn jn dfhbfynf "Пe,kbrfwbz" (Publish Weblog).

В yfitv ghjtrnt vs htibkb lkz gjbcrf djcgjkmpjdfnmcz djpvj;yjcnzvb Google. Google d nfrjv ckexft cnfyjdbncz frnthjv d dfhbfynt "Пjbcr" (Search Content), f cfv dfhbfyn pfdbcbn jn frnthf Google. Зflfxtq frnthf Google ,eltn dsdjl htpekmnfnjd gjbcrf.

Вjn vs e;t b jghtltkbkb ytrjnjhs[ frnthjd, rjnjhst ,elen hf,jnfnm c yfibv cfqnjv-weblog-jv. Оghtltkbkb b[ wtkb b dpfbvjcdzpb vt;le ybvb. Мs vj;tv hfccvfnhbdfnm gjkextyye. lbfuhfvve rfr f,cnhfrnyjt jgbcfybt fh[bntrnehs yfituj cfqnf, rjnjhjt yfv ghbujlbncz d lfkmytqitv ghb ghbyznbb hfpkbxys[ htitybq.

Тjkmrj gjkmpf

Сfvjt ukfdyjt ghtbveotcndj dfhbfynjd bcgjkmpjdfybz d njv, xnj jyb gjvjuf.n xtnrj jghtltkbnmcz c nht,jdfybzvb r ghjtrne. С cfvjuj yfxfkf ds hfphf,fnsdftnt ghjlern, rjywtynhbhezcm yf ye;lf[ b gj;tkfybz[ nt[, rnj bv ,eltn gjkmpjdfnmcz.

Кfr d ckexft c k.,sv aeylfvtynfkmysv gjyznbtv, xtv kexit vs gjybvftv dfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz, ntv ktuxt yfv ,eltn dsgjkyznm yfie lfkmytqie. hf,jne, ntv nofntkmytt b ghfdbkmytt jyf ,eltn dsgjkytyf. Вfhbfyns bcgjkmpjdfybz ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq rjyntrcn (context), ;bdj hbce.obq yfv, ult, d rfrjv vtcnt ghjtrnf yf[jlbncz rf;lsq tuj jghtltktyysq 'ktvtyn. Бkfujlfhz xtve vs vj;tv edthtyyj ghbybvfnm htitybz yf ghjnz;tybb dctuj ghjwtccf ghjtrnbhjdfybz b hfphf,jnrb.

Нfpyfxtybt «dfhbfynjd bcgjkmpjdfybz» yt d njv, xnj,s gjkyjcnm. jgbcfnm nj, xnj yf cfqnt ,eltn b rfr jy ,eltn gjcnhjty. Нtn, dfhbfyns jgbcsdf.n wtkb b yfpyfxtybz cfqnf, n.t. nj, rfrbt ghj,ktvs vs c tuj gjvjom. htiftv. Оghtltkbntcm c wtkzvb, e dfc ,scnhj dscnhjzncz dct jcnfkmyst 'ktvtyns aeylfvtynf. Кhjvt njuj:

• Оghtltkbntcm c hjkzvb, rjnjhst ,elen buhfnm frnths dfituj cfqnf, b b[ wtkzvb. Пjckt 'njuj e dfv ,eltn jxtym kturj cjplfnm vjltkb dfhbfynjd.
• С gjvjom. lbfuhfvv dfhbfynjd vj;yj jxtym kturj gj xfcnzv jgbcfnm ckj;ysq ghjtrn.
• Хjhjij jgbcfyyst dfhbfyns gjyznys dctv exfcnybrfv ghjtrnf: hfphf,jnxbrfv, vtytl;thfv b pfrfpxbrfv. Эnj jxtym vjoyjt chtlcndj cjdvtcnyjq hfphf,jnrb.
• Вfhbfyns ufhfynbhe.n, xnj ds hfccvjnhtkb dct ckexfb, lkz rjnjhs[ cjplftncz dt,-cfqn. Вfhbfyns b dpfbvjjnyjitybz vt;le ybvb gjpdjkz.n jghtltkbnmcz, rfrbt wtkb zdkz.ncz rhbnbxtcrbvb, f rfrbt - ghjcnsvb lj,fdktybzvb b ekexitybzvb, rjnjhst vj;yj jnytcnb yf gjnjv. Бkfujlfhz 'njve dfv ghjot ,eltn gkfybhjdfnm cdj. hf,jne b hfccnfdkznm ghbjhbntns.
• Вfhbfyns lf.n jgbcfybt ghjtrnf, rjnjhjt ybrfr yt ghbdzpfyj r tuj rjyrhtnyjq htfkbpfwbb. В yb[ ytn yb ckjdf j, bycnhevtynf[ b nt[yjkjubz[, - b yt ljk;yj ,snm.
• И[ jxtym ghjcnj cjplfdfnm. Нbrfrb[ jcj,s[ bycnhevtynjd lkz 'njuj yt nht,etncz. Лbcnjr bp ,kjryjnf, ljcrf, rfhfylfi b cfkatnrf, bkb k.,jq uhfabxtcrbq htlfrnjh - gjljqltn k.,jq bycnhevtyn.

Рfphf,jnrf ghjtrnjd c gjvjom. dfhbfynjd 'nj jghtltktyysq j,hfp vsiktybz, ye b vtnjl, rjytxyj. Оghtltkbdibcm c frnthfvb ghjtrnf b b[ wtkzvb, ktuxt ljcnbuyenm zcyjcnb b gjybvfybz d rjvfylt. Чtv hfymit b xtv ghjxytt ,eltn pfkj;ty aeylfvtyn gjybvfybz vt;le xktyfvb rjvfyls, ntv ,scnhtt ds cvj;tnt ghbybvfnm htitybz d lfkmytqitv, b ntv ghjot dfv ,eltn dtcnb ghjtrn r htfkmyjq wtkb. О "dfhbfynf[ bcgjkmpjdfybz" vj;yj yfgbcfnm cjnyb cnhjr, yj kexit dctuj j, 'njv yfgbcfk Alistair Cockburn ^[1].

[1] Writing Effective Use Cases. Alistair Cockburn. Addison-Wesley, 2001. ISBN 0-201-70225-8