|
ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå) Êhegyst rjvgfybb ÏÎ nhfnzn eqve ltytu yf .pf,bkbnb. Ïhj nj, xnj 'nj nfrjt, b rfr cltkfnm bynthatqc ghjuhfvvs elj,ysv, z b gjghj,e. hfccrfpfnm d 'njq cnfnmt. Ítrjnjhst nthvbys Þpf,bkbnb. Îghtltktybt .pf,bkbnb cjukfcyj cnfylfhne ISO 9241-11 pdexbn nfr: «Þpf,bkbnb — 'nj cntgtym 'aatrnbdyjcnb, ghjlernbdyjcnb b eljdktndjhtyyjcnb, c rjnjhsvb ghjlern vj;tn ,snm bcgjkmpjdfy jghtltktyysvb gjkmpjdfntkzvb d jghtltktyyjv rjyntrcnt bcgjkmpjdfybz lkz ljcnb;tybz jghtltktyys[ wtktq» (bkb d jhbubyfkt: "The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use"). HCI (human-computer interaction — xtkjdtrj-rjvgm.nthyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt). Ýnj yfexyfz b ghbrkflyfz lbcwbgkbyf, ghtlvtnjv rjnjhjq zdkztncz nj, rfr k.lb bcgjkmpe.n rjvgm.nths b rfr cktletn hfphf,fnsdfnm rjvgm.nthyst cbcntvs lkz njuj, xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm ,jktt 'aatrnbdyjt b[ bcgjkmpjdfybt rjytxysvb gjkmpjdfntkzvb. Äbcwbgkbyf drk.xftn 'ktvtyns gcb[jkjubb, 'hujyjvbrb, byajhvfnbrb, uhfabxtcrjuj lbpfqyf, cjwbjkjubb b fynhjgjkjubb. UCD (user-center design, ghjtrnbhjdfybt, jhbtynbhjdfyyjt yf ye;ls gjkmpjdfntktq). Ïjl[jl r ghjtrnbhjdfyb. rjvgm.nthys[ cbcntv (ghbkj;tybq, dt,- cfqnjd), ghb rjnjhjv dj ukfde cnfdzncz gjkmpjdfntkb, b[ ye;ls b nht,jdfybz. Ïhb bcgjkmpjdfybb lfyyjuj gjl[jlf ljcnbuftncz dscjrbq ehjdtym .pf,bkbnb, xnj crfpsdftncz, yfghbvth, yf edtkbxtybb ghjlf; (d 'ktrnhjyyjv vfufpbyt). IA (information architecture, byajhvfwbjyyfz fh[bntrnehf). Ñjdjregyjcnm vtnjljd b ghbtvjd jhufybpfwbb byajhvfwbb lkz j,ktuxtybz dsgjkytybz k.lmvb b[ byajhvfwbjyys[ gjnht,yjcntq gj gjbcre b ghjcvjnhe byajhvfwbb. Ítvyjuj bcnjhbb ×tkjdtrj-rjvgm.nthyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt yfxfkj hfpdbdfnmcz rfr jnhfckm d yfxfkt 80-[ ujljd, rjulf gjzdbkjcm jcjpyfybt ghj,ktv, rjnjhst vjuen djpybryenm e gjkmpjdfntktq ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb ghjuhfvv.  yfxfkt 70-[ ujljd rjvgm.nths dgthdst cnfkb gjzdkznmcz yf hf,jxb[ cnjkf[ e k.ltq. Ñhfpe gjckt njuj, rfr ,skb bpj,htntys gthcjyfkmyst rjvgm.nths, IBM elbdbkf vyjub[ d bylecnhbb ÏÎ ntv, xnj hfpltkbkf «;tktpj» b ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt b hfphtibkf lheubv ghjuhfvvfv hf,jnfnm yf cdjb[ ÏÊ. Êjvgfybb — ghjbpdjlbntkb ÏÎ cnfkb gjkexfnm dsujle jn cjanf. Ít,jkmibt abhvs jcjpyfkb, xnj cnjbvjcnm nt[ybxtcrjq gjllth;rb b[ cj,cndtyys[ cbcntv jxtym dscjrf.  rjvgfybz[ gjyzkb, xnj htibnm 'ne ghj,ktve vj;yj gentv hfphf,jnrb ghjlernbdys[ b 'aatrnbdys[ bynthatqcjd, rjnjhst htifkb ,s pflfxb gjkmpjdfntktq ,tp b[ j,hfotybz d cke;,e nt[ybxtcrjq gjllth;rb. Ê cthtlbyt 90-[ Windows cnfkf jxtym hfcghjcnhfytyyjq jgthfwbjyyjq cbcntvjq. Ýnjn afrn nht,jdfk, xnj,s hfphf,jnxbrb ghblth;bdfkbcm cnfylfhnjd. Ðjcn gfhrf ljvfiyb[ rjvgm.nthjd cjplfk juhjvysq cghjc yf .pf,bkbnb-cgtwbfkbcnjd d rjvfylf[ hfphf,jnxbrjd cjanf. Ïhbywbgs .pf,bkbnb Çfbvcndeqnt. Åckb gjkmpjdfntkm ghbdsr r xtve-kb,j, jy ,scnhtt yfexbncz hf,jnfnm b ,eltn gjkexfnm ,jkmit eljdjkmcndbz jn hf,jns c dfitq ghjuhfvvjq, nfr rfr cvj;tn bcgjkmpjdfnm ghbj,htntyyst yfdsrb. Áfpjdjt pfbvcndjdfybt — 'nj bcgjkmpjdfybt cnfylfhnys[ 'ktvtynjd, j,ob[ lkz dct[ ghjuhfvv Windows: vty., cgbcrb, ryjgrb b n.g. Ít cnjbn, yfghbvth, dvtcnj cnfylfhnys[ RadioButton bcgjkmpjdfnm lkz nt[ ;t wtktq (jlbyjxyjuj ds,jhf) CheckBox, rjnjhst ghbvtyz.ncz ytcrjkmrj lkz lheub[ wtktq (vekmnbds,jhf).  Ít ghthsdfqnt gjkmpjdfntkz. Ïhtlcnfdmnt, xnj ds gtxfnftnt ntrcn b jlyjdhtvtyyj crfxbdftnt bp Èynthytnf ltcznjr afqkjd. Ïjckt rf;ljuj crfxfyyjuj afqkf ghjuhfvvf cjj,oftn dfv 'ne hfljcnye. yjdjcnm, dfv ghb[jlbncz gthtldbufnm erfpfntkm vsib r ryjgrt OK, otkrfnm yf ytt b dcgjvbyfnm, xnj ;t ds gbcfkb. Ìyt rf;tncz, xnj 'nf ghjuhfvvf cj dhtvtytv ,eltn dsrk.xtyf bp-pf tt xhtpvthyjq hfljcnb. Ýnj ghfdbkj vj;yj j,jqnb: yfghbvth, cjj,obnm nb[jymrj 'ne byajhvfwb. gjkmpjdfntk. yf ytcrjkmrj ctreyl, yj yt jndktrfz tuj jn tuj hf,jns. Îxtym [jhjij htibkf 'ne ghj,ktve rjvgfybz Microsoft (Windows XP), ghtlkj;bd ghjuhfvvfv, rjnjhst pfgecrf.ncz d cbcntvyjv nhtt, dslfdfnm gjkmpjdfntk. dcgksdf.obt gjlcrfprb yf ytcrjkmrj ctreyl, gjckt xtuj jyb bcxtpf.n. Áhbndf Îrrfvf. Åcnm nfrjq rkfccbxtcrbq ghbywbg, rjnjhsq bcgjkmpetncz d .pf,bkbnb: “Ít vyj;bnm ceoyjcnb ,tp yflj,yjcnb”. Àvthbrfyws ujdjhzn “Keep it simple, stupid”. Íf zpsrt .pf,bkbnb 'nj hfcibahjdsdftncz cktle.obv j,hfpjv. Ë.,fz pflfxf ljk;yf htifnmcz vbybvfkmysv xbckjv ltqcndbq. Åckb ds [jnbnt jnghfdbnm gbcmvj Âfct, b njkmrj tve, nj djdct yt j,zpfntkmyj ghtlkfufnm gjkmpjdfntk. ds,hfnm lheub[ flhtcfnjd, rjgbb gbctv, cghfibdfnm, ye;ty kb jnxtn j ljcnfdrt, gjlndth;ltybt ghjxntybz, d rfrjv ajhvfnt gthtcskfnm ghbrhtgktyyst afqks... — tve ye;yj ghjcnj jnghfdbnm gbcmvj Âfct. Èkb djn tot jlby dctv [jhjij pyfrjvsq ghbvth. Îryj, rjnjhjt gjzdkztncz ghb gthdjv pfgecrt cghfdrb. ß yt vjue htibnm, ljk;yf kb ,fpf lfyys[ ,snm jgnbvbpbhjdfyyjq gj hfpvthe bkb gj crjhjcnb ljcnegf.  htpekmnfnt vs gjkexftv cfvsq blbjncrbq vfcnth dj dctq bcnjhbb Windows. Ýnj jryj yfcnjkmrj f,cehlyj, xnj pfcke;bdftn cgtwbfkmyjq yfuhfls. Ötkjq yjdjq rfntujhbb yfuhfl. Ýnj jryj, rjnjhjt djpybrftn ghb gjgsnrt d gthdsq hfp yfqnb xnj-nj d afqkt cghfdrb. Ïthdfz ghj,ktvf 'njuj jryf d njv, xnj jyj jnhsdftn dfc jn dfib[ vscktq. Âs j,hfoftntcm pf gjvjom. r afqke cghfdrb, b dfv ytn ybrfrjuj ltkf, gj rhfqytq vtht, d 'njn vjvtyn, lj njuj, ,eltn kb ,fpf lfyys[ vfktymrjq, ,jkmijq bkb gjrhsnjq ijrjkfljv. Òtv dhtvtytv 'nf yfukfz ghjuhfvvf xbnftn dfv ktrwb. j njv, xnj jyf ljk;yf cjplfnm cgbcjr (bkb ,fpe lfyys[). Òfv ;t dcnhtxftncz cjdthityyj yterk.;fz ahfpf: “your help file(s)”. Òj tcnm e dfc vj;tn ,snm jlby bkb ytcrjkmrj afqkjd. Êfr ,elnj lkz dfc 'nj bvttn rfrjt-nj pyfxtybt. Íj ghjuhfvvbcn, hf,jnfdibq yfl 'nbv jryjv, jxtdblyj, gjybvfk, xnj afqkjd vj;tn ,snm vyjuj, gj'njve ghjcnj crfpfnm “help file” ,skj ,s ytghfdljq.  lfyyjq cbnefwbb lf;t “ghjldbyenst” gjkmpjdfntkb, ghjuhfvvbcns c yfexyjq cntgtym., rjnjhst pyf.n dct j gjkyjntrcnjds[ byltrcf[, yt cgjcj,ys gjyznm, xnj e yb[ cghfibdf.n. Ífrjytw, 'nj jryj lf;t yt lbfkju, f “vfcnth” (dnjhfz cnhfybwf rjnjhjuj, tckb gthtahfpbhjdfnm, ujdjhbn xnj-nj nbgf “cgfcb,j pf nj, xnj ds ,tcgjktpyj gjnhfnbkb cdjt dhtvz”). Îxtdblyj, xnj e hfphf,jnxbrjd ,skf rfrfz-nj bltz, rfrjq bp cgjcj,jd kexit, yj jyb nfr b yt cvjukb ds,hfnm lkz gjkmpjdfntkz yb jlby bp dfhbfynjd. Èyajhvfnbdyjcnm. Ïjkmpjdfntkm dctulf ljk;ty pyfnm, xnj ghjbc[jlbn c ghjuhfvvjq, b rjulf tve cktletn gjlj;lfnm ytrjnjhjt dhtvz. Ífghbvth, ghb rjgbhjdfybb afqkjd ,eltn gjktpyj dsdtcnb jryj, d rjnjhjv “uhflecybr” ,eltn gjrfpsdfnm, crjkmrj ghjwtynjd afqkf e;t crjgbhjdfyj. Îy, rjytxyj, yt evtymibn dhtvtyb, rjnjhjt gjkmpjdfntk. ghbltncz gjnhfnbnm yf rjgbhjdfybt 'njuj afqkf, jlyfrj crhfcbn tuj j;blfybt. Ýnjn “uhflecybr” nfr;t cjj,obn gjkmpjdfntk., ecgttn kb njn cdfhbnm ct,t xfire rjat. Åot jlby dfhbfyn cjj,obnm gjkmpjdfntk. j njv, xnj tve ye;yj gjlj;lfnm, — gtcjxyst xfcs. Èvtyyj jyb ujdjhzn j njv, xnj ctqxfc ghjbc[jlbn rfrfz-nj j,hf,jnrf bkb pfuheprf lfyys[ b xnj xthtp ytcrjkmrj ctreyl hf,jnf ghjuhfvvs djpj,yjdbncz, byfxt e ytuj vj;tn djpybryenm xedcndj, xnj ghjuhfvvf ghjcnj-yfghjcnj pfdbckf.  k.,jq chtlt ghjuhfvvbhjdfybz ceotcndetn djpvj;yjcnm ltkfnm ryjgre ytfrnbdyjq. Ýnj vj;yj ltkfnm, rjulf ddtltyyst gjkmpjdfntktv lfyyst jib,jxys. Îlyfrj tckb gjkmpjdfntkm yt gjybvftn, ult jy cjdthibk jib,re, 'nf ryjgrf yfxbyftn bcgjkyznm hjkm 'nfrjuj hfplhf;bntkz c bpltdfntkmcrbv gjlntrcnjv: «yf;vb, tckb cvj;tim». Ïj'njve kexit jcnfdkznm 'ne ryjgre frnbdyjq, f ghb ytghfdbkmyjv ddjlt rfrb[-kb,j lfyys[ cjj,ofnm gjkmpjdfntk. j cltkfyyjq jib,rt b j njv, rfr tt bcghfdbnm. Êjitktr Ìbkkthf. Ïhbywbg yfpdfy d xtcnm extyjuj-gcb[jkjuf Ã.À. Ìbkkthf, rjnjhsq bccktljdfk rhfnrjdhtvtyye. gfvznm, ghjdthzz dsdjls, cltkfyyst hfytt tuj rjkktujq Ã. Ý,,byufepjv. Ý,,byufep gsnfkcz dszcybnm, crjkmrj byajhvfwbb vj;tn pfgjvybnm xtkjdtr ,tp rfrb[-kb,j cgtwbfkmys[ vytvjybxtcrb[ ghbtvjd. Îrfpfkjcm, xnj j,sxyj tvrjcnm gfvznb juhfybxtyf ctvm. wbahfvb, ,erdfvb bkb yfpdfybzvb ghtlvtnjd. Ýnj «vfubxtcrjt xbckj» ctvm, cke;fott cdjtuj hjlf vthrjq gfvznb, b ,skj ghjdthtyj Ìbkkthjv, rjnjhsq gjrfpfk, xnj gfvznm ltqcndbntkmyj d chtlytv yt vj;tn [hfybnm ,jktt ctvb 'ktvtynjd. Ïj'njve htrjvtyletncz hfpltkznm jryj ghjuhfvvs yf jnltkmyst ,kjrb b d rf;ljv ,kjrt [hfybnm rfr vj;yj vtymit 'ktvtynjd (yt ,jkmit ctvb).  Ïfvznm. Êjulf ds lfhbnt ltdeirt yf ltym hj;ltybz tt k.,bvst wdtns, tq ghbznyj. Åq ghbznyj, xnj dfv yt ye;yj ,skj jgznm ujdjhbnm ghj nj, rfrbt wdtns tq yhfdzncz b rjulf e ytt ltym hj;ltybz. Åq ghbznyj, xnj ds gjvybnt 'nj. Ïjkmpjdfntkm nj;t ltdeirf gj jnyjityb. r ghjuhfvvt. Ïhjuhfvvf yt ljk;yf vyjujrhfnyj cghfibdfnm, relf ytj,[jlbvj cltkfnm htpthdye. rjgb. ,fps lfyys[, tckb d ghtlsleobq hfp gjkmpjdfntkm ds,bhfk lbhtrnjhb.. Òfr;t ghjuhfvvf yt ljk;yf ghtlkfufnm cltkfnm htpthdye. rjgb. njulf, rjulf gjkmpjdfntk. yt ye;yf nfrfz aeyrwbz. Ïhjuhfvvf ljk;yf e[f;bdfnm pf gjkmpjdfntktv. Íf crhbyijnt vj;yj edbltnm htfkbpfwb. 'njuj ghfdbkf d ghjuhfvvt “Óxtn yfkbxys[”: ghtlkfuftncz lbhtrnjhbz, d rjnjhjq gjkmpjdfntkm j,sxyj cjplftn htpthdye. rjgb., b tcnm djpvj;yjcnm yt dsdjlbnm 'nj lbfkjujdjt jryj.Çjkjnjt ctxtybt. Ïhbywbg, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve jnyjitybt dscjns r ibhbyt ljk;yj ,snm hfdyj jnyjityb. ibhbys r cevvt dscjns b ibhbys. Ò.t. tckb pf y dpznm dscjne jryf, f pf x — ibhbye, nj y/x=x/(x+y). Ýnj cfvfz ghbznyfz lkz ukfpf ghjgjhwbz. Çjkjnjt ctxtybt ecgtiyj bcgjkmpjdfyj d ghjuhfvvt Chameleon Clock. Ïj ckjdfv fdnjhf, tt lbpfqy jxtym gjyhfdbkcz ,tnf-ntcnthfv. Ít nhjufqnt xe;jt. Èpvtytybt cbcntvys[ afqkjd b yfcnhjtr jgthfwbjyyjq cbcntvs — gkj[jq gjcnegjr. Íbrjulf yt pfgbcsdfqnt byajhvfwb. d gfgre Windows. Ècrk.xtybt ljgecnbvj kbim d njv ckexft, tckb ds cjplftnt ghjuhfvve lkz eghfdktybz bkb bpvtytybz yfcnhjtr jgthfwbjyyjq cbcntvs. Ít pf,elmnt ghtleghtlbnm j, 'njv gjkmpjdfntkz. Åckb ghjuhfvvf ,eltn bpvtyznm dct cnfylfhnyst yfcnhjqrb ,tp hfphtitybz gjkmpjdfntkz, tq ufhfynbhjdfy yjrfen. Ít ye;yj vtyznm cnfylfhnyst wdtnf. Ïhtljcnfdmnt gjkmpjdfntk. ds,jh wdtnjdjq ufvvs, gjnjve rfr “yf drec b wdtn lheuf ytn”. Ítj,[jlbvj gjvybnm j njv, xnj bynthatqc ljk;ty ,snm ghjcnjq b yt gthtyfcsotyysq. Ít cghfibdfnm j ytgjyznyjv. Åckb ,s ghb ecnfyjdrt 'ktrnhjyyjuj ext,ybrf gj [bvbb ytj,[jlbvj ,skj ghjqnb ntcn gj [bvbb, ybrnj ,s ctq ghtrhfcysq ext,ybr yt jwtybk. Ít cnjbn cghfibdfnm gjkmpjdfntkz j gfhfvtnhf[ aeyrwbb, rjnjhjq jy tot yt gjkmpjdfkcz. Òfr;t vyjubt ghjuhfvvs ghb ecnfyjdrt ghtlkfuf.n ds,hfnm nbg ecnfyjdrb: j,sxyfz bkb ds,jhjxyfz. Ïjkexftncz, xnj tckb ds,hfnm ds,jhjxye., vs ,eltv ds,bhfnm nj, j xtv yt pyftv, f tckb j,sxye. — nj jrf;tvcz kjge[fvb. Ëexit lfdfnm gjkmpjdfntk. dfhbfyns: cltkfnm 'nj rjyrhtnyjt ltqcndbt nfr, rfr ghtlkfuftn ghjuhfvvf ecnfyjdrb, bkb gj-lheujve. Ïjldjlz bnjub, vj;yj cajhvekbhjdfnm rjywtgwb. ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj .pf,bkbnb: gjkmpjdfntk. ljk;yj ,snm e.nyj (n.t. dct pyfrjvj); dct ltqcndbz gjkmpjdfntkz ljk;ys ,snm kjubxys; dct bcgjkmpetvst aeyrwbb ljk;ys ,snm gjl herjq. Îhufybpfwbb d catht .pf,bkbnb Ñeotcndetn ytcrjkmrj jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst pflf.n dtrnjh ldb;tybz lkz .pf,bkbnb-cjj,otcndf, cjltqcnde.n hfcghjcnhfytyb. b gjgekzhbpfwbb d ghjvsiktyyjcnb b ,bpytct vtnjljd ghjtrnbhjdfybz, jhbtynbhjdfyys[ yf gjkmpjdfntktq. Àccjwbfwbz gj dsxbckbntkmyjq nt[ybrt (ACM — Association for Computing Machinery) pfybvftncz j,extybtv cgtwbfkbcnjd b cneltynjd byajhvfwbjyysv nt[yjkjubzv.  cathe ltzntkmyjcnb ACM d[jlbn cjplfybt b jhufybpfwbjyyfz gjllth;rf cgtwbfkmys[ uhegg gj bynthtcfv (SIG — Special Interest Group), d rjnjhst j,]tlbyz.ncz cgtwbfkbcns, pfbynthtcjdfyyst d rfrjq-nj catht byajhvfwbjyys[ nt[yjkjubq — yfghbvth, zpsrf[ ghjuhfvvbhjdfybz, uhfabrt, xtkjdtrj-rjvgm.nthyjv dpfbvjltqcndbb. Ó xktyjd SIG tcnm ljcneg r wbahjdjq ,b,kbjntrt, d rjnjhjq vj;yj yfqnb cdt;bt bccktljdfybz b ge,kbrfwbb. Êhjvt njuj, xktycndj d SIG lftn crblrb ghb gjctotybb hfpkbxys[ ghfrnbxtcrb[ ctvbyfhjd b rjyathtywbq. Àccjwbfwbz .pf,bkbnb-ghjatccbjyfkjd (UPA — Usability Professionals Association) — jhufybpfwbz, j,]tlbyz.ofz .pf,bkbnb-cgtwbfkbcnjd — nt[, rnj pfybvftncz gjgekzhbpfwbtq .pf,bkbnb, f nfr;t dct[, rnj pfbynthtcjdfy d bpextybb b ghfrnbxtcrjv ghbvtytybb .pf,bkbnb. Î,otcndj "×tkjdtxtcrbq afrnjh b 'hujyjvbrf" (HFES — Human Factors and Ergonomics Society). Ýnf jhufybpfwbz gjvjuftn c j,hfpjdfybtv dctv, rnj [jxtn gjkexbnm ghjatccb., cdzpfyye. c xtkjdtxtcrbv afrnjhjv, f nfr;t ntv, xmz hf,jnf cdzpfyf c ghjtrnbhjdfybtv cbcntv. Îhufybpfwbz cgjcj,cndetn hfcibhtyb. b j,vtye pyfybzvb j xtkjdtrj-rjvgm.nthyjv dpfbvjltqcndbb. Èujhm Êf;lfy, igor-k@softbusiness.biz msk.nestor.minsk.by/kg/2007/12/kg71205.html |
