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ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå)
Êfr hf,jnf.n cbcntvs LAMP, rfr bpvthznm b[ ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm b rfr yfcnhfbdfnm ,fpjde. jgthfwbjyye. cbcntve developerWorks
LAMP yfpdfy gj gthdsv ,erdfv d[jlzob[ d tuj cjcnfd rjvgjytynjd: Linux, Apache, MySQL b PHP
Èyjulf ,erde P d f,,htdbfneht hfcibahjdsdf.n rfr Perl b Python, lheubt djpvj;yst zpsrb dt,-hfphf,jnrb.
Ñeotcndetn vyj;tcndj dfhbfynjd nthvbyf, d xfcnyjcnb:
* WAMP — gjl Microsoft Windows dvtcnj GNU/Linux;
* WASP — Windows, Apache, SQL Server b PHP;
* WIMP — Windows, IIS, MySQL b PHP;
* BAMP — BSD dvtcnj GNU/Linux;
* SAMP — Solaris dvtcnj GNU/Linux;
* MAMP — Mac OS X dvtcnj GNU/Linux.
Ïhbkj;tybz, bcgjkmpe.obt fh[bntrnehe LAMP (Linux®, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Perl), gjcnjzyyj cjdthitycnde.ncz b dct ibht bcgjkmpe.ncz. Íj cbcntvysq flvbybcnhfnjh xfcnj yt bvttn gjkyjuj rjynhjkz pf cfvbvb ghbkj;tybzvb, gjcrjkmre jyb yfgbcfys rtv-nj lheubv. Â 'njq cthbb bp nht[ cnfntq j,ce;lftncz vyj;tcndj vjvtynjd, cdzpfyys[ c rjyabuehbhjdfybtv cthdthf, rjnjhst vjuen dkbznm yf ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm ghbkj;tybq. Ýnf gthdfz cnfnmz jgbcsdftn fh[bntrnehe LAMP, ytrjnjhst vtnjlbrb pfvthjd b ytrjnjhst jcyjdyst cdtltybz, rfcf.obtcz zlhf Linux, lbcrjd b yfkflrb afqkjdjq cbcntvs. Ïjcktle.obt cnfnmb hfccvfnhbdf.n yfcnhjqre rjvgjytynjd Apache, MySQL b PHP.
Linux, Apache, MySQL b PHP (bkb Perl) zdkz.ncz jcyjdjq vyjub[ Web-ghbkj;tybq, jn ntreob[ pflfx lj ,kjujd yf cfqnf[ 'ktrnhjyyjq njhujdkb. WordPress b Pligg -- djn njkmrj ldf hfcghjcnhfytyys[ gfrtnf ghjuhfvv, ghbdjlzob[ d ltqcndbt rhegyjvfcinf,yst Web-cfqns. Ýnf fh[bntrnehf ghbj,htkf bpdtcnyjcnm ghjcnj rfr LAMP. Apache, MySQL, PHP b Perl drk.xf.ncz gjxnb dj dct lbcnhb,enbds Linux, gj'njve ecnfyjdbnm ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt LAMP gjxnb nfr;t ghjcnj, rfr crfpfnm j, 'njv.
Ýnf kturjcnm ecnfyjdrb cjplftn dgtxfnktybt, xnj ghjuhfvvyjt j,tcgtxtybt hf,jnftn cfvj, xnj rjytxyj yt nfr. Â rjytxyjv cxtnt yfuheprf yf ghbkj;tybt gththfcnftn gfhfvtnhs, cdzpfyyst c back-end cthdthfvb, b cnhflftn ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm ghbkj;tybz. Èycnfkkzwbb LAMP nht,e.n gjcnjzyyjuj vjybnjhbyuf, yfcnhjqrb b fyfkbpf.
Ífcnhjqrf cbcntvs lkz hfpys[ k.ltq bvttn hfpyjt pyfxtybt. Ýnf cthbz cnfntq cajrecbhjdfyf yf yfcnhjqrt rjvgjytynjd LAMP -- Linux, Apache, MySQL b PHP. Ífcnhjqrf cfvb[ ghbkj;tybq -- tot jlyf ytghjcnfz pflfxf. Ìt;le ghbkj;tybzvb b back-end cthdthfvb ceotcndetn cbv,bjnbxtcrfz cdzpm: gkj[j yfcnhjtyysq cthdth pfcnfdkztn heibnmcz gjl yfuheprjq lf;t [jhjitt ghbkj;tybt, b njkmrj nofntkmyfz yfcnhjqrf cthdthf vj;tn ghtljndhfnbnm pfvtlktybt tuj hf,jns bp-pf gkj[j yfgbcfyyjuj ghbkj;tybz. Ê cxfcnm. ghfdbkmyfz yfcnhjqrf b vjybnjhbyu cbcntvs vjuen erfpfnm yf ghj,ktvs ghbkj;tybz.
Àh[bntrnehf LAMP
Ïthdsq ifu d yfcnhjqrt k.,jq cbcntvs -- gjybvfybt njuj, rfr cbcntvf hf,jnftn. Â ghjcntqitv ckexft ghbkj;tybz yf ,fpt LAMP yfgbcfys yf crhbgnjdjv zpsrt, yfghbvth PHP, rjnjhsq hf,jnftn rfr xfcnm Web-cthdthf Apache, pfgeotyyjuj yf Linux-[jcnt.
Äkz njuj xnj,s jghtltkbnm lfkmytqibt ltqcndbz, ghbkj;tybz PHP gjkexf.n byajhvfwb. jn rkbtynf xthtp pfghfibdftvsq URL, bp k.,s[ lfyys[ ajhvs, ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, rfrfz byajhvfwbz j ctccbb ,skf gjkextyf. Åckb ytj,[jlbvj, cthdth bpdktrftn byajhvfwb. bp ,fps lfyys[ MySQL (nfr;t hf,jnf.otq gjl Linux), rjv,bybhetn byajhvfwb. c rfrbvb-nj if,kjyfvb HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) b djpdhfoftn htpekmnfn rkbtyne. Ýnjn ghjwtcc gjdnjhztncz, gjcrjkmre gjkmpjdfntkm hf,jnftn c ghbkj;tybtv, f nfr;t dsgjkyztncz gfhfkktkmyj, gjcrjkmre vyj;tcndj gjkmpjdfntktq gjkexftn ljcneg r cbcntvt. Îlyfrj gjnjr lfyys[ yt zdkztncz jlyjcnjhjyybv, gjnjve xnj ,fpf lfyys[ vj;tn ,snm j,yjdktyf byajhvfwbtq, gjkextyyjq jn gjkmpjdfntkz d ajhvt lfyys[ ctfycf, cnfnbcnbxtcrjq gjl,jhrjq (drk.xfz ujkjcjdfybt) b cjlth;bvsv, ghtljcnfdktyysv gjkmpjdfntk., yfghbvth, rjvvtynfhbb bkb j,yjdktybt cfqnf. Âlj,fdjr r lbyfvbxtcrbv 'ktvtynfv ceotcnde.n nfr;t cnfnbxtcrbt 'ktvtyns, nfrbt rfr bpj,hf;tybz, rjls JavaScript b CSS (Cascading Style Sheets).
Âfhbfyns LAMP
LAMP yfxbyfkfcm rfr cnhjuj Linux, Apache, MySQL b PHP bkb Perl. Îlyfrj ljdjkmyj xfcnj Apache, MySQL b PHP pfgecrf.ncz d cbcntvt Microsoft® Windows®, tckb ds yt cbkmys d Linux. Îgznm ;t ds dctulf vj;tnt jnrfpfnmcz jn Apache, yfghbvth, d gjkmpe xtuj-yb,elm nbgf lighttpd, b ntv yt vtytt ,eltnt bvtnm cbcntve d cnbkt LAMP, [jnz b c ytghjbpyjcbvjq f,,htdbfnehjq. Èkb ds vj;tnt ghtlgjxtcnm lheue. ,fpe lfyys[ c jnrhsnsvb rjlfvb, yfghbvth, PostgreSQL bkb SQLite, bkb rjvvthxtcre. ,fpe lfyys[, yfghbvth, IBM® DB2®, bkb lf;t rjvvthxtcre., yj cdj,jlye. gjlcbcntve, rfr IBM DB2 Express-C.
Ýnf cnfnmz cajrecbhjdfyf yf nhflbwbjyyjq fh[bntrneht LAMP, gjcrjkmre d cdjb[ rjvfylbhjdrf[ z xfot dctuj dcnhtxf. tt, b dct tt rjvgjytyns bvt.n jnrhsnst rjls.
Ïjcvjnhtd yf gjnjr pfghjcjd xthtp cbcntve LAMP, ds vj;tnt edbltnm vtcnf, ult vjuen ghjbpjqnb pfvtlktybz. Áfpf lfyys[ ghtljcnfdkztn ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj lbyfvbxtcrjq byajhvfwbb, nfr xnj rkbtyn pfvtxftn k.,e. pflth;re htfrwbb yf pfghjc. Web-cthdth ljk;ty ,snm ljcnegty lkz ,scnhjuj dsgjkytybz crhbgnjd, f nfr;t eghfdktybz vyj;tcndjv rjyrehbhe.ob[ pfghjcjd. Ífrjytw, lkz gjllth;rb ghbkj;tybq ,fpjdfz jgthfwbjyyfz cbcntvf ljk;yf ,snm d lj,hjv plhfdbb. Äheubt yfcnhjqrb, hfcghtltkz.obt afqks vt;le hfpkbxysvb cthdthfvb gj ctnb, nfr;t vjuen zdkznmcz eprbv vtcnjv.
Èpvthtybt ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb
Ïjcnjzyyjt bpvthtybt ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb gjvjuftn d lde[ ckexfz[. Ïthdjt -- bpvthtybt gjvjuftn dszdkznm ntyltywbb, rfr [jhjibt, nfr b gkj[bt. Âjn ghjcnjq ghbvth: yf,k.lfz pf bcgjkmpjdfybtv wtynhfkmyjuj ghjwtccjhf (CPU) yf Web-cthdtht, ds vj;tnt pfvtnbnm tuj xhtpvthye. pfuhepre. Ïjlj,ysv j,hfpjv, yf,k.ltybt pf bcgjkmpjdfybtv j,otq ghjgecryjq cgjcj,yjcnb d ghjikjv b 'rcnhfgjkzwbz yf ,eleott gjvjuftn dszdkznm vjvtyns, rjulf ytj,[jlbvj j,yjdktybt ctnb. Ýnb bpvthtybz dpfbvjcdzpfys c lheubvb bpvthtybzvb b yf,k.ltybzvb. Ífghbvth, ds vj;tnt htibnm, xnj rjulf gjkmpjdfntkb ;fke.ncz yf vtlktyye. hf,jne ghbkj;tybq, lbcrb hf,jnf.n c vfrcbvfkmyjq yfuheprjq.
Äheujt ghbvtytybt bpvthtybq ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb -- jghtltktybt, gjvjukf kb yfcnhjqrf htityb. cbnefwbb bkb e[elibkf gjkj;tybt. Âs ltkftnt 'nj, chfdybdfz htpekmnfns bpvthtybq lj b gjckt ghjbpdtltyys[ bpvtytybq. Îlyfrj, xnj,s 'nj ghbytckj htpekmnfn, lkz jghtltktybz 'aatrnf jn bpvtytybq jlyjdhtvtyyj ljk;ty vtyznmcz njkmrj jlby rhbnthbq, b ljk;ys chfdybdfnmcz cjjndtncnde.obt gjrfpfntkb. Ïhbxbyf jlyjdhtvtyyjuj bpvtytybz njkmrj jlyjuj rjvgjytynf ljk;yf ,snm jxtdblyf. Âtlm dgjkyt djpvj;yj, xnj ldf jlyjdhtvtyyj ghjbpdtltyys[ bpvtytybz vjukb ytqnhfkbpjdfnm lheu lheuf. Ïhbxbyf lkz ds,jhf bpvthtybq zdkztncz ujhfplj ,jktt njyrjq.
Ðtif.obv zdkztncz nj, xnj bpvthtybz, rjnjhst ds ds,bhftnt lkz bccktljdfybz, ljk;ys jnhf;fnm byntycbdyjcnm bcgjkmpjdfybz ghbkj;tybz. Åckb wtkm bpvtytybz cjcnjbn d evtymitybb j,]tvf gfvznb, bcgjkmpetvjq ,fpjq lfyys[, ecnhfytybt hfpkbxys[ ,eathjd, rjytxyj, gjvj;tn pf cxtn crjhjcnb pfghjcf b ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb ghbkj;tybz. Âpfvty jlyj bp bpvthtybq ljk;yj ,snm dhtvtytv jnrkbrf ghbkj;tybz, xnj gjpdjkbn j,yfhe;bnm djpvj;yjcnb yfcnhjqrb lheub[ gjrfpfntktq, yt njkmrj bcgjkmpjdfybz gfvznb ,fpjq lfyys[.
Âs vj;tnt bpvthbnm dhtvz jnrkbrf ghbkj;tybz hfpysvb cgjcj,fvb. Âjpvj;yj, cfvsq ghjcnjq cgjcj, -- bcgjkmpjdfnm rjvfyle curl, rfr gjrfpfyj d Ëbcnbyut 1.
Ëbcnbyu 1. Ècgjkmpjdfybt curl lkz bpvthtybz dhtvtyb jnrkbrf Web-cfqnf
$ curl -o /dev/null -s -w %{time_connect}:%{time_starttransfer}:%{time_total}
http://www.canada.com
0.081:0.272:0.779
 Ëbcnbyut 1 gjrfpfyf rjvfylf curl, bcgjkmpetvfz lkz gjbcrf gjgekzhys[ yjdjcnys[ cfqnjd. Âsdjl, rjnjhsq j,sxyj ,sk ,s HTML-rjljv, yfghfdkty ghb gjvjob jgwbb -o d /dev/null, f nfr;t bcgjkmpjdfyf jgwbz -s, jnrk.xf.ofz dsdjl byajhvfwbb j [jlt ghjwtccf. Îgwbz -w lftn erfpfybt dsdtcnb ytrjnjhst lfyyst j [jlt ghjwtccf, yfghbvth, gjrfpfyyst d Òf,kbwt 1 nfqvths:
Òf,kbwf 1. Òfqvths, bcgjkmpetvst curl
Òfqvth Îgbcfybt
time_connect Âhtvz, ytj,[jlbvjt lkz ecnfyjdrb TCP-cjtlbytybz c cthdthjv
time_starttransfer Âhtvz, ytj,[jlbvjt Web-cthdthe lkz djpdhfnf gthdjuj ,fqnf gjckt njuj rfr ghjbpdtlty pfghjc
time_total Âhtvz, ytj,[jlbvjt lkz gjkyjuj dsgjkytybz pfghjcf
Âct 'nb nfqvths dtlen jncxtn jn cnfhnf nhfypfrwbb, lf;t gthtl j,hfotybtv r Domain Name Service (DNS). Òfrbv j,hfpjv, gjckt njuj rfr ,sk cltkfy pfghjc, nht,etncz 0.272 - 0.081 = 0.191 ctreyls, xnj,s Web-cthdth j,hf,jnfk pfghjc b yfxfk djpdhfofnm lfyyst. Êkbtyn pfnhfnbk 0.779 - 0.272 = 0.507 ctreyls, pfuhe;fz lfyyst c cthdthf.
Íf,k.ltybt pf lfyysvb curl b dhtvtyyjq nhtyl gjpdjkzn dfv gjkexbnm ghtlcnfdktybt, yfcrjkmrj ,scnhj htfubhetn cfqn yf pfghjcs gjkmpjdfntktq.
Êjytxyj, Web-cfqn -- ,jkmit xtv ghjcnj jnltkmyfz cnhfybwf. Îy cjlth;bn bpj,hf;tybz, rjl JavaScript, CSS b cookies. Êjvfylf curl cgjcj,yf gjkexfnm dhtvz jnrkbrf lkz jlyjuj 'ktvtynf, yj byjulf dfv ytj,[jlbvj dbltnm, rfr ,scnhj pfuhe;ftncz wtkfz cnhfybwf.
Tamper Data, hfcibhtybt ,hfepthf Firefox (ccskre cv. d hfpltkt Ðtcehcs), htubcnhbhetn dct pfghjcs, cltkfyyst Web-,hfepthjv, b gjrfpsdftn dhtvz, pfnhfxtyyjt yf pfuhepre rf;ljuj pfghjcf. ×nj,s bcgjkmpjdfnm hfcibhtybt, ds,thbnt Tools > Tamper Data, jnrhjtncz jryj Ongoing requests. Çfuhepbnt cnhfybwe, j rjnjhjq bltn htxm, b ds edblbnt cnfnec rf;ljuj pfghjcf, cltkfyyjuj ,hfepthjv, f nfr;t dhtvz, pfnhfxtyyjt yf pfuhepre 'ktvtynf. Íf Ðbceyrt 1 gjrfpfy htpekmnfn pfuheprb ljvfiytq cnhfybws developerWorks.
Ðbceyjr 1. Ñ[tvf jhufybpfwbb pfghjcjd lkz pfuheprb ljvfiytq cnhfybws developerWorks
Ðbceyjr 1. Ñ[tvf jhufybpfwbb pfghjcjd lkz pfuheprb ljvfiytq cnhfybws developerWorks
Êf;lfz cnhjrf jgbcsdftn pfuhepre jlyjuj 'ktvtynf. Ïjrfpfys hfpyjj,hfpyst lfyyst, yfghbvth, dhtvz jnghfdrb pfghjcf, rfr ljkuj jy pfuhe;ftncz, hfpvth b htpekmnfns. Êjkjyrf Duration (Ïhjljk;bntkmyjcnm) gjrfpsdftn dhtvz, rjnjhjt nht,etncz yf pfuhepre 'ktvtynf, d nj dhtvz rfr rjkjyrf Total Duration (Î,ofz ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm) gjrfpsdftn, crjkmrj dhtvtyb pfybvftn pfuheprf dct[ ce,-'ktvtynjd. Íf Ðbceyrt 1 dblyj, xnj yf pfuhepre ukfdyjq cnhfybws pfnhfxtyj 516 vbkkbctreyl (vctr), yj gjnht,jdfkjcm 5101 vctr, ght;lt xtv dct ,skj pfuhe;tyj, b vjukf ,snm gjrfpfyf dcz cnhfybwf.
Äheujq gjktpysq dfhbfyn bcgjkmpjdfybz hfcibhtybz Tamper Data -- bpj,hf;tybt lfyys[ j pfuheprt cnhfybws d dblt uhfabrf. Ùtkrybnt ghfdjq ryjgrjq d dth[ytq xfcnb jryf Ongoing requests b ds,thbnt Graph all. Íf Ðbceyrt 2 gjrfpfyj uhfabxtcrjt bpj,hf;tybt lfyys[ bp Ðbceyrf 1.
Ðbceyjr 2. Ãhfabxtcrjt bpj,hf;tybt pfghjcjd lkz pfuheprb ljvfiytq cnhfybws developerWorks
Ðbceyjr 2. Ãhfabxtcrjt bpj,hf;tybt pfghjcjd lkz pfuheprb ljvfiytq cnhfybws developerWorks
Íf Ðbceyrt 2 ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm rf;ljuj pfghjcf gjrfpfyf ntvyj-cbybv wdtnjv b gjrfpsdftncz jnyjcbntkmyj yfxfkf pfuheprb cnhfybws. Òfrbv j,hfpjv, ds vj;tnt dbltnm, rfrbt pfghjcs pfvtlkz.n pfuhepre dctq cnhfybws.
Ítcvjnhz yf nj, xnj dybvfybt cjchtljnjxtyj yf dhtvtyb pfuheprb cnhfybws b jgsnt gjkmpjdfntkz, df;yj yt egecrfnm bp dble jcyjdyst gjrfpfntkb cbcntvs, nfrbt rfr lbcr, gfvznm, CPU b ctnm. Äkz gjkextybz 'njq byajhvfwbb bvttncz vyj;tcndj enbkbn; djpvj;yj, yfb,jktt gjktpyst bp yb[ -- sar, vmstat b iostat. Äkz gjkextybz ,jktt gjlhj,yjq byajhvfwbb j, 'nb[ enbkbnf[ j,hfnbntcm r hfpltke Ðtcehcs.
 yfxfkj
Ífcnhjqrb ,fpjdjq cbcntvs
Ïht;lt xtv ds yfcnhjbnt rjvgjytyns cbcntvs Apache, PHP b MySQL, ds ljk;ys gjnhfnbnm ytrjnjhjt dhtvz yf nj, xnj,s e,tlbnmcz, xnj jcyjdyst rjvgjytyns Linux aeyrwbjybhe.n ghfdbkmyj. Ðfpevttncz, ds e;t jnj,hfkb bp cgbcrf pfgeotyys[ cthdbcjd njkmrj nt, rjnjhst dfv ytj,[jlbvs. Ïjvbvj njuj, xnj 'nj zdkztncz [jhjitq ghfrnbrjq j,tcgtxtybz ,tpjgfcyjcnb, 'nj 'rjyjvbn gfvznm b wbrks CPU.
Îgthfnbdyfz yfcnhjqrf zlhf
Ájkmibycndj lbcnhb,enbdjd Linux gjcnfdkztncz c nhflbwbjyyj jghtltktyysvb gfhfvtnhfvb lkz ,eathjd b lheub[ [fhfrnthbcnbr TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). Âs ljk;ys bpvtybnm 'nb gfhfvtnhs, xnj,s dsltkbnm ,jkmit gfvznb lkz gjdsitybz ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb ctnb. Ïfhfvtnhs zlhf ecnfyjdktys xthtp bynthatqc proc gentv xntybz b pfgbcb gthtvtyys[ d /proc. Ê cxfcnm. ghjuhfvvf sysctl eghfdkztn bvb ytvyjuj ,jktt kturbv j,hfpjv, xbnfz gthtvtyyst bp /etc/sysctl.conf b pfyjcz b[ ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb d /proc. Â Ëbcnbyut 2 gjrfpfys ytrjnjhst yfb,jktt hflbrfkmyst ctntdst yfcnhjqrb, rjnjhst ljk;ys ghbvtyznmcz yf Èynthytn-cthdthf[.
Ëbcnbyu 2. Ätvjycnhfwbz yfb,jktt hflbrfkmys[ ctntds[ yfcnhjtr d /etc/sysctl.conf
# Ècgjkmpjdfnm, rjulf ytj,[jlbvj, TCP syncookies
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# Ðfphtibnm vfcinf,bhjdfybt jryf TCP
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling: = 1
# Ódtkbxbnm vfrcbvfkmysq hfpvth ,eathf TCP
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
# Ódtkbxbnm vfrcbvfkmyjt pyfxtybt cfvjyfcnhfbdftvjuj ,eathf TCP d Linux
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
# Ódtkbxbnm rjkbxtcndj ljcnegys[ gjhnjd
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
Äj,fdmnt 'nb yfcnhjqrb r njve, xnj e;t bvttncz d afqkt /etc/sysctl.conf. Ýnf gthdfz yfcnhjqrf hfphtibn TCP SYN cookies. Êjulf rkbtyn ecnfyfdkbdftn yjdjt TCP-cjtlbytybt ghb gjvjob gfrtnf c ecnfyjdktyysv ,bnjv SYN, cthdth cjplftn pfgbcm lkz yfgjkjdbye jnrhsnjuj cjtlbytybz b jndtxftn gfrtnjv SYN-ACK. Ïhb yjhvfkmyjq hf,jnt elfktyysq rkbtyn jndtxftn gfrtnjv ACK, xnj vtyztn cjtlbytybt c yfgjkjdbye jnrhsnjuj yf gjkyjcnm. jnrhsnjt. Ànfrf, yfpsdftvfz SYN flood, ufhfynbhetn, xnj gfrtn ACK ybrjulf yt ,eltn djpdhfoty bp-pf njuj, xnj ghjwtcc cthdthf bcxthgfk ljcnegye. gfvznm lkz d[jlzob[ cjtlbytybq. Ôeyrwbz SYN cookie exbnsdftn 'nj j,cnjzntkmcndj b yfxbyftn bcgjkmpjdfnm bpzoysq vtnjl, cj[hfyz.obq vtcnj d jxthtlb (,jktt gjlhj,yj cv. d hfpltkt Ðtcehcs). Â ,jkmibycndt cbcntv 'nf djpvj;yjcnm hfphtityf gj evjkxfyb., yj cnjbn eljcnjdthbnmcz, xnj jyf crjyabuehbhjdfyf.
Âjpvj;yjcnm vfcinf,bhjdfybz jryf TCP gjpdjkztn rkbtynfv pfuhe;fnm lfyyst c dscjrjq crjhjcnm.. TCP gjpdjkztn jnghfdre elfktyyjq cnjhjyjq ,tp gjlndth;ltybz vyjujxbcktyys[ gfrtnjd, gj evjkxfyb. lj 64 rbkj,fqn (Ê,fqn), rjnjhst vjuen ,snm pfgjkytys ghb byajhvfwbjyyjv j,vtyt c ,jktt dscjrjq cntgtym. pflth;rb. Ìfcinf,bhjdfybt jryf gjpdjkztn bcgjkmpjdfnm d pfujkjdrt ytrjnjhst ljgjkybntkmyst ,bns, xnj,s edtkbxbnm hfpvth 'njuj jryf.
Ñktle.obt xtnsht 'ktvtynf rjyabuehfwbb edtkbxbdf.n ,eaths TCP lkz jnghfdrb b ghbtvf. Ýnj gjpdjkztn ghbkj;tybzv ,scnhtt bp,fdbnmcz jn b[ byajhvfwbb, nfr xnj jyb vjuen j,cke;bnm lheujq pfghjc, b 'nj nfr;t gjdsiftn djpvj;yjcnm elfktyyjuj rkbtynf jnghfdkznm lfyyst, rjulf cthdth pfyzn.
Ïjcktlybq 'ktvtyn rjyabuehfwbb edtkbxbdftn rjkbxtcndj hfphtityys[ lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz kjrfkmys[ gjhnjd, xnj edtkbxbdftn vfrcbvfkmyjt rjkbxtcndj cjtlbytybq, rjnjhst vjuen ,snm j,cke;tys jlyjdhtvtyyj.
Ýnb yfcnhjqrb dcnegzn d cbke ghb cktle.otq pfuheprt bkb ghb cktle.otv pfgecrt sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf.
Êjyabuehbhjdfybt lbcrjd lkz ljcnb;tybz vfrcbvfkmyjq ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb
 fh[bntrneht LAMP lbcrb buhf.n ceotcndtyye. hjkm. Ñnfnbxtcrbt afqks, if,kjys b rjls j,cke;bdf.ncz lbcrjv, rfr nf,kbws lfyys[ b byltrcs, cjcnfdkz.obt ,fpe lfyys[. Ájkmibycndj yfcnhjtr, jcj,tyyj nt, rjnjhst bvt.n jnyjitybt e ,fpt lfyys[, cajrecbhjdfys yf njv, xnj,s j,jqnbcm ,tp ljcnegf r lbcre, gjcrjkmre 'nj dktxtn jnyjcbntkmyj dscjre. pflth;re. Ïj'njve bvttn cvsck pfnhfnbnm ytrjnjhjt dhtvz yf jgnbvbpfwb. lbcrjdjq gjlcbcntvs.
Ïthdsv ltkjv ytj,[jlbvj e,tlbnmcz, xnj ;ehyfkbhjdfybt atime d afqkjds[ cbcntvf[ jnrk.xtyj. atime -- dhtvz gjcktlytuj ljcnegf r afqke, b ghb rf;ljv j,hfotybb r afqke jcyjdyfz afqkjdfz cbcntvf ljk;yf pfgbcsdfnm 'ne jnvtnre dhtvtyb. Ïjcrjkmre atime htlrj bcgjkmpetncz cbcntvysvb flvbybcnhfnjhfvb, tt jnrk.xtybt cybpbn yfuhepre yf lbcr. Ýnj ljcnbuftncz gentv lj,fdktybz jgwbb noatime d xtndthnjq rjkjyrt afqkf /etc/fstab. Â Ëbcnbyut 3 gjrfpfy ghbvth rjyabuehfwbb.
Ëbcnbyu 3. Î,hfptw afqkf fstab, gjrfpsdf.obq, rfr hfphtibnm noatime
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults,noatime 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults,noatime 1 2
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-hdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-hda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
 Ëbcnbyut 3 bpvtytybz cltkfys njkmrj lkz afqkjds[ cbcntv nbgf ext3, gjcrjkmre jgwbz noatime gjktpyf njkmrj lkz afqkjds[ cbcntv, hfcgjkj;tyys[ yf lbcrt. ×nj,s bpvtytybz dcnegbkb d cbke, gthtpfuheprf yt ye;yf; dfv njkmrj ytj,[jlbvj dyjdm gjlvjynbhjdfnm rf;le. afqkjde. cbcntve, dsgjkybd mount / -o remount.
Âjpvj;ys hfpyjj,hfpyst rjv,byfwbb ;tcnrb[ lbcrjd, b Linux yt dctulf dthyj jghtltkztn jgnbvfkmysq vtnjl ljcnegf r ;tcnrjve lbcre. Êjvfylf hdparm bcgjkmpetncz lkz gjkextybz b ecnfyjdrb vtnjljd, bcgjkmpetvs[ lkz ljcnegf r lbcrfv IDE (integrated development environment, byntuhbhjdfyyfz chtlf hfphf,jnrb). hdparm -t /path/to/device dsgjkyztn ntcn crjhjcnb, rjnjhsq ds vj;tnt bcgjkmpjdfnm d rfxtcndt njxrb jncxtnf. Äkz gjkextybz ,jktt ljcnjdthys[ htpekmnfnjd ghb pfgecrt 'njq rjvfyls cbcntvf ljk;yf ,snm ytpfyznf. Â Ëbcnbyut 4 gjrfpfy ntcn crjhjcnb, dsgjkyztvsq yf hda.
Ëbcnbyu 4. Òtcn crjhjcnb, dsgjkyztvsq yf /dev/hda
# hdparm -t /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
Timing buffered disk reads: 182 MB in 3.02 seconds = 60.31 MB/sec
Êfr dblyj bp ntcnf, lbcrb xbnf.n lfyyst cj crjhjcnm. jrjkj 60 vtuf,fqn (Ì,fqn) d ctreyle.
Ïht;lt xtv euke,bnmcz d bpextybt ytrjnjhs[ jgwbq yfcnhjqrb lbcrf, ytj,[jlbvj cltkfnm ghtljcntht;tybt. Ítghfdbkmyfz yfcnhjqrf vj;tn hfpheibnm afqkjde. cbcntve. Èyjulf ds gjkexftnt ghtleght;ltybt, xnj ds,jh ytcjdvtcnbv c dfibv j,jheljdfybtv; byjulf ytn. Ïj'njve nofntkmyj ghjdthzqnt yfcnhjqrb, ght;lt xtv pfgecnbnm cbcntve. Çltcm nfr;t gjvj;tn yfkbxbt cnfylfhnyjuj j,jheljdfybz yf dct[ dfib[ cthdthf[.
 Òf,kbwt 2 gthtxbcktys ytrjnjhst xfcnj bcgjkmpetvst jgwbb.
Òf,kbws 2. ×fcnj bcgjkmpetvst jgwbb hdparm
Îgwbz Îgbcfybt
-vi Îghfibdftn ecnhjqcndj c wtkm. jghtltktybz, rfrbt yfcnhjqrb jyj gjllth;bdftn b rfrbt bcgjkmpetn.
-c Çfghjc/drk.xtybt gjllth;rb 32-,bnyjuj (E)IDE ddjlf/dsdjlf. hdparm -c 1 /dev/hda drk.xftn.
-m Çfghjc/ecnfyjdrf ytcrjkmrb[ ctrnjhjd d ht;bvt ghthsdfybz. Åckb pyfxtybt gfhfvtnhf ,jkmit yekz, gjdsitybt lj nfrjuj rjkbxtcndf ctrnjhjd vj;tn ,snm gthtlfyj xthtp ghthsdfybt.
-d 1 -X Ârk.xtybt gthtlfx DMA (direct memory access, ghzvjq ljcneg r gfvznb) b ecnfyjdrf ht;bvf gthtlfxb IDE. Ñnhfybwf cghfdrb man rjvfyls hdparm enjxyztn xbckj, rjnjhjt vj;tn cnjznm gjckt -X. Âs ljk;ys bcgjkmpjdfnm 'ne jgwb., njkmrj tckb -vi gjrfpsdftn, xnj ds yt bcgjkmpetnt cfvsq ,scnhsq ht;bv.
Ê cj;fktyb. lkz cbcntv Fiber Channel b Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) yfcnhjqrf pfdbcbn jn rjyrhtnyjuj ecnhjqcndf.
Âs ljk;ys lj,fdbnm d dfi cnfhnjdsq crhbgn, yfghbvth, rc.local, nt yfcnhjqrb, rjnjhst cxbnftnt gjktpysvb.
Ífcnhjqrf NFS
NFS (network file system, ctntdfz afqkjdfz cbcntvf) -- cgjcj, ghtljcnfdktybz ljcnegf r njvfv lbcrf gj ctnb. Ècgjkmpjdfnm NFS gjktpyj, xnj,s ufhfynbhjdfnm, xnj rf;lsq [jcn bvttn jlye b ne ;t rjgb. lfyys[ b xnj bpvtytybz jnhf;tys yf dct[ epkf[. Òtv yt vtytt gj evjkxfyb. NFS yt crjyabuehbhjdfyf lkz vfccjdjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz.
Êf;lsq rkbtyn ljk;ty gjlvjynbhjdfnm elfktyye. afqkjde. cbcntve ghb gjvjob rsize=32768,wsize=32768,intr,noatime, xnj,s ufhfynbhjdfnm cktle.ott:
* Ècgjkmpe.ncz ,jkmibt hfpvths ,kjrjd xntybz/pfgbcb (lj jghtltktyyjuj hfpvthf, d lfyyjv ckexft 32Ê,fqn).
* Îgthfwbb NFS vjuen ,snm ghthdfys d ckexft pfdbcfybz.
* atime yt ,eltn gjcnjzyyj j,yjdkznmcz.
Âs vj;tnt gjvtcnbnm 'nb yfcnhjqrb d afqk /etc/fstab, rfr gjrfpfyj d Ëbcnbyut 3. Åckb ds bcgjkmpetnt fdnjvjynbhjdfybt, jyb d[jlzn d cjjndtncnde.obq afqk /etc/auto.*.
Íf cnjhjyt cthdthf df;yj eljcnjdthbnmcz, xnj bvttncz ljcnfnjxyjt rjkbxtcndj NFS kernel thread'jd, ljcnegys[ lkz j,cke;bdfybz dct[ rkbtynjd. Ïj evjkxfyb. pfgeoty njkmrj jlby thread, [jnz cbcntvs Red Hat b Fedora pfgecrf.n 8. Äkz cbkmyj pfuhe;tyyjuj cthdthf NFS ds ljk;ys gjdscbnm 'nj xbckj, yfghbvth, lj 32 bkb 64. Âs vj;tnt jncktlbnm, ,skf kb ,kjrbhjdrf, ghb gjvjob rjvfyls nfsstat -rc, gjrfpsdf.otq cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst Remote Procedure Call (RPC) rkbtynf. Â Ëbcnbyut 5 gjrfpfys cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst rkbtynf lkz Web-cthdthf.
Ëbcnbyu 5. Ätvjycnhfwbz cnfnbcnbxtcrb[ lfyys[ RPC ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb NFS-rkbtynf
# nfsstat -rc
Client rpc stats:
calls retrans authrefrsh
1465903813 0 0
Âj dnjhjq rjkjyrt, retrans, cnjbn yjkm, xnj gjrfpsdftn, xnj, yfxbyfz c gjcktlytq gthtpfuheprb, yt ,skj ytj,[jlbvjcnb yb d rfrb[ gthtlfxf[. Åckb 'nj xbckj hfcntn, ds ljk;ys gjlevfnm j lj,fdktybb ,jkmituj rjkbxtcndf NFS kernel thread'jd. Ýnj ltkftncz gentv gthtlfxb ;tkftvjuj xbckf thread'jd rpc.nfsd, yfghbvth, rpc.nfsd 128 pfgecrftn 128 thread'jd. Âs vj;tnt cltkfnm 'nj d k.,jt dhtvz. Thread's pfgecrf.ncz bkb eybxnj;f.ncz gj vtht ytj,[jlbvjcnb. Êhjvt njuj, 'nj ljk;yj djqnb d dfib cnfhnjdst crhbgns, ghtlgjxnbntkmyj d crhbgn, rjnjhsq cnfhnetn NFS yf dfitq cbcntvt.
Ïjcktlytt pfvtxfybt jnyjcbntkmyj NFS: tckb djpvj;yj, jnrf;bntcm jn NFS dthcbb 2, gjcrjkmre tuj ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm yfvyjuj yb;t ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb NFS dthcbq 3 b 4. Â cjdhtvtyys[ lbcnhb,enbdf[ Linux 'nj yt zdkztncz ghj,ktvjq, yj ghjdthmnt dsdjl nfsstat yf cthdtht, xnj,s epyfnm, ltkf.ncz kb rfrbt-kb,j pfghjcs xthtp NFS dthcbb 2.
ibm.com/developerworks/ru/library/l-tune-lamp-1/
Øjy Âjk,thu, cnfhibq ctntdjq by;tyth, P.Eng
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