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ÀÁÐÀÊÀÄÀÁÐÀ (Òîæå ñàìîå íî â ÷èòàåìîì âèäå)
Åo¸ gfhe ktn yfpfl ,skj vjlyj cxbnfnm, xnj ,eleott rkbtyncrb[ dt,-nt[yjkjubq — pf XHTML. Ë.,bntkb cnfylfhnjd yfltzkbcm, xnj cnfhsq HTML 4 djn-djn jnjvh¸n, b yf tuj vtcnj ghbl¸n cdt;bq, 'ktufynysq b xýlyj hfcibhztvsq XHTML 1.0, f kexit — 1.1.
Îlyfrj 'nb vtxns yt cgtifn c,sdfnmcz. Ïhjuhtcce vtif.n b hfphf,jnxbrb ,hfepthjd, b cjplfntkb cfqnjd, b rjytxyst gjkmpjdfntkb. Ñrf;tv, d Internet Explorer lj cb[ gjh yt gjllth;bdftncz «bcnbyysq» XHTML, nj tcnm nbg cjlth;fybz application/xhtml+xml. Äf;t tckb rjl yfgbcfy gj ghfdbkfv XHTML, ,hfepth dc¸ hfdyj j,hf,fnsdftn tuj ntv ;t cbynfrcbxtcrbv fyfkbpfnjhjv, xnj b lhtdybq HTML. Íbrfrbt cgtwbabxtcrbt ghtbveotcndf XHTML yt ltqcnde.n.
Ñjplfntkb cfqnjd nj;t yt njhjgzncz pf yjdsvb dtzybzvb. Îyb dthcnf.n cnhfybws gj lhtvexbv nt[yjkjubzv gznyflwfnbktnytq lfdyjcnb. Îyb yt gbien DOCTYPE b yt ghjdthz.n rjl dfkblfnjhjv. Îyb bcgjkmpe.n jajhvbntkmcrbt 'ktvtyns b fnhb,ens (b, i, center, align, bgcolor, …) b ytcnfylfhnyst rjycnherwbb (embed, nobr, …).
Î,sxyst gjkmpjdfntkb nj;t gjhnzn yfcnhjtybt k.,bntkzv cnfylfhnjd, gjnjve xnj hf,jnf.n c ecnfhtdibvb ,hfepthfvb b jgthfwbjyysvb cbcntvfvb, ult ybrfr yt gjllth;bdf.ncz ghtrhfcyst yjdst nt[yjkjubb.
È cfvjt ytdthjznyjt, xnj ghb dct[ 'nb[ ytljcnfnrf[ Âctvbhyfz Ïfenbyf ghtrhfcyj hf,jnftn. Ïjkmpjdfntkb xbnf.n yjdjcnb b ghjuyjp gjujls, j,of.ncz d ,kjuf[, ge,kbre.n ajnjuhfabb b dbltj, pfuhe;f.n vepsre b gjregf.n njdfhs d bynthytn-vfufpbyf[. Èv ytn ltkf lj XML, dfkblfnjhf bkb ghbywbgf jnltktybz ghtlcnfdktybz jn cjlth;fybz. Îyb ljdjkmys ntv, xnj cfqns gjpdjkz.n bv dsgjkyznm ghfrnbxtcrbt pflfxb. Ë.,bntkb cnfylfhnjd ybxtuj yt vjuen c 'nbv gjltkfnm, b 'nj b[ ,tcbn.
Êjycjhwbev W3C lj gjcktlytuj dhtvtyb yt pfvtxfk hfcibhz.oe.cz ghjgfcnm vt;le cdjbvb hfphf,jnrfvb b afrnbxtcrbv gjkj;tybtv ltk d Èynthytnt. Çf,hjcbd HTML d rjywt ghjikjuj dtrf, Êjycjhwbev euke,bkcz d XHTML b lji¸k lj xthyjdjuj ghjtrnf XHTML 2.0, ytcjdvtcnbvjuj c ghtlsleobvb dthcbzvb zpsrf, ltqcnde.obvb ,hfepthfvb b j,]trnbdyjq htfkmyjcnm.. Ïjrf Êjycjhwbev cnhflfk afynfpbzvb, hfpevyst k.lb bp Apple, Mozilla b Opera exhtlbkb hf,jxe. uhegge WHATWG, rjnjhfz dpzkfcm hfpdbdfnm HTML d ,jktt rjycnhernbdyjv yfghfdktybb. Ýnj ghbdtkj r cjplfyb. ghtldfhbntkmys[ dthcbq cgtwbabrfwbq, ctqxfc bpdtcnys[ rfr HTML 5. Ê 2007 ytrjnjhst ,hfepths e;t yfxfkb gjllth;bdfnm ahfuvtyns 'nb[ cgtwbabrfwbq. Êjycjhwbev cgj[dfnbkcz b celjhj;yj drk.xbk gkjls ltzntkmyjcnb WHATWG d j,jqve cj,cndtyys[ hfphf,jnjr. Â zydfht 2008 vfnthbfks gj HTML 5 ,skb jge,kbrjdfys rfr xthyjdjq ghjtrn cnfylfhnf yf cfqnt W3C. Òtgthm WHATWG b W3C hfphf,fnsdf.n 'njn cnfylfhn gfhfkktkmyj.
Îcyjdyfz bltz hfphf,jnxbrjd HTML 5 — cltkfnm ;bpytcgjcj,ysq zpsr hfpvtnrb, rjnjhsq ,eltn hf,jnfnm yf ghfrnbrt b ghbyjcbnm gjkmpe gjctnbntkzv b hfphf,jnxbrfv cfqnjd. Îlby bp ghbywbgjd, gjkj;tyys[ d jcyjde cnfylfhnf: yf gthdjv vtcnt cnjzn bynthtcs htfkmys[ gjkmpjdfntktq, pfntv — cjplfntktq cfqnjd, pfntv — hfphf,jnxbrjd ,hfepthjd b lheub[ ghbkj;tybq, pfntv — fdnjhjd cfvjuó cnfylfhnf, b njkmrj gjnjv — ntjhtnbxtcrbt b bltjkjubxtcrbt cjj,hf;tybz, rjnjhst Êjycjhwbev ,tpecgtiyj ghjldbufk gjcktlybt ltcznm ktn.
HTML 5 ljk;ty cnfnm ghttvybrjv rfr HTML 4.01, nfr b XHTML 1.0, gj'njve d cnfylfhnt eltkztncz ,jkmijt dybvfybt j,hfnyjq cjdvtcnbvjcnb. Ñ jlyjq cnjhjys, yjdsq zpsr yt gjkyjcnm. cjdvtcnbv c ghtlsleobvb dthcbzvb, yj, c lheujq cnjhjys, yt e[jlbn d hflbrfkmysq jnhsd, rfr XHTML 2.0.
HTML 5 ceotcndetn d lde[ dfhbfwbz[ — rfr hfpyjdblyjcnm XHTML b rfr vjlbabrfwbz «bcnjhbxtcrjuj» HTML. Ñjplfntkb dt,-cnhfybw vjuen ghbvtyznm k.,e. bp 'nb[ dfhbfwbq. Â gthdjq dfhbfwbb yjdsq zpsr gjkyjcnm. cjukfcjdfy c XML 1.0, nfr xnj hfphf,jnxbrfv ljcnegys dct ghtbveotcndf XML b cvt;ys[ nt[yjkjubq.
Âj dnjhjq dfhbfwbb HTML 5 gjrjyxbk c rjivfhysv yfcktlbtv ghjikjuj — ajhvfkmyjq cjdvtcnbvjcnm. c SGML. Âct ghtlsleobt cnfylfhns HTML ghtntyljdfkb yf 'ne cjdvtcnbvjcnm, yj yb jlby ,hfepth yt j,hf,fnsdfk rjl HTML gj pfvsckjdfnsv ghfdbkfv SGML. Âvtcnj 'njuj bcgjkmpjdfkbcm ghjcnst fkujhbnvs, hfcgjpyf.obt yf,jh rjyrhtnys[ 'ktvtynjd b fnhb,enjd.
HTML 5 epfrjybk nfrjt gjdtltybt ,hfepthjd. Ôfyfnbrb bltjkjubxtcrjq ,tpeghtxyjcnb vjuen ghbxbnfnm b hdfnm yf ct,t djkjcs. Íjdsq cnfylfhn yt jukzlsdftncz yf SGML, f jgbcsdftn xfcnyst ghfdbkf lkz bynthghtnfwbb rjyrhtnys[ n'ujd b lheub[ cbynfrcbxtcrb[ rjycnherwbq. Ïj cenb, HTML 5 ljrevtynbhetn ghbywbgs, gj rjnjhsv ,hfepths e;t j,hf,fnsdf.n rjl gjcktlybt gznyflwfnm ktn.
 jnkbxbt jn ghtlsleob[ cnfylfhnjd, ghtlyfpyfxtyys[ d jcyjdyjv lkz hfphf,jnxbrjd rjlf, HTML 5 cnhjuj b gjlhj,yj jgbcsdftn gjdtltybt ,hfepthjd. Îy nht,etn jn ,hfepthjd j,hf,fnsdfnm yt njkmrj uhfvjnysq rjl, yj b gj djpvj;yjcnb rjhhtrnbhjdfnm jib,rb, dgkjnm lj egjnht,ktybz jncencnde.ob[ d cnfylfhnt 'ktvtynjd. Ífghbvth, HTML 5 yt gjpdjkztn fdnjhfv rjlf bcgjkmpjdfnm 'ktvtyns nobr bkb marquee, yj jgbcsdftn, rfr ,hfepth ljk;ty gjcnegfnm, tckb jyb dc¸-nfrb dcnhtnzncz d ljrevtynt.
Ýnj cjjndtncndetn jxthtlyjve utythfkmyjve ghbywbge HTML 5 — vfrcbvfkmyjq cjdvtcnbvjcnb c e;t ceotcnde.obv yfgjkytybtv Ñtnb. Ìbkkbjys ltqcnde.ob[ cfqnjd yt ljk;ys gjcnhflfnm jn gjzdktybz yjdjuj zpsrf b gjllth;bdf.ob[ tuj ,hfepthjd.
Åo¸ jlyf jcj,tyyjcnm yjdjuj cnfylfhnf: jy jgbcsdftn ljrevtyn HTML d nthvbyf[ j,]trnyjq vjltkb (DOM). Ïthtl ntv, rfr jnj,hf;fnm dt,-cnhfybwe, ,hfepth ajhvbhetn lhtdjdblye. cnhernehe t¸ 'ktvtynjd b lheub[ j,]trnjd. Ïhtlsleobt cnfylfhns cnslkbdj pfvfkxbdfkb 'njn 'nfg, f HTML 5, yfj,jhjn, dj vyjujv jgbhftncz bvtyyj yf nfrjt ghtlcnfdktybt ljrevtynf. Ýnj gjpdjkztn drk.xbnm d cgtwbabrfwb. j,]trns, cdjqcndf b vtnjls DOM, rjnjhst ibhjrj bcgjkmpe.ncz c ytpfgfvznys[ dhtv¸y, jlyfrj ybrjulf yt ,skb cnfylfhnbpjdfys: window.open(), alert(), prompt(), document.links, document.images, innerHTML, contentEditable b nfr lfktt.
Ífrjytw, d HTML 5 jabwbfkmyj drk.x¸y 'ktvtyn embed. Ájhws pf cnfylfhns, rjnjhst d ghtlsleobt ujls ghtlfdfkb tuj fyfatvt, ;tcnjrj j,kjvfkbcm.
Îlyfrj HTML 5 dgbnfk yt dc¸, xnj gjllth;bdftncz d ,hfepthf[. Ítrjnjhst 'ktvtyns, yfj,jhjn, elfktys bp cnfylfhnf: acronym, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, isindex, s, strike, tt, u. Ñkfdf ,jufv, yfxbcnj e,hfys ahtqvs (frame, frameset, noframes), [jnz jcnfkcz 'ktvtyn iframe. Ítn ,jkmit fnhb,enjd, rjnjhsvb ybrnj d plhfdjv evt yt gjkmpjdfkcz (accesskey, longdesc b lh.) bkb rjnjhsvb yt bvttn cvsckf gjkmpjdfnmcz (align, border, valign, cellpadding, cellspacing b lh.).
Ítrjnjhst cnfhst 'ktvtyns gthtjcvscktys: yfghbvth, i b b ntgthm j,jpyfxf.n hfpyst ajhvs cvsckjdjuj dsltktybz, f yt rehcbd b gjke;bhysq ihban; hr jndtxftn pf hfphsd d cnherneht ljrevtynf. Ýktvtyn menu j,h¸k dnjhe. vjkjljcnm b gjpdjkztn cjplfdfnm yfcnjzobt vty., f address eotvk¸y d ghfdf[ b ghtlyfpyfxty cnhjuj lkz rjynfrnyjq byajhvfwbb d eprjv rjyntrcnt.
Ífrjytw, d HTML 5 lj,fdbkjcm vyjuj yjdjuj. Äkz cnfntq, ,kjujd, ljrevtynfwbb b gjlj,ys[ vfnthbfkjd ,elen gjktpys 'ktvtyns article b section, f nfr;t yjdfz cbcntvf pfujkjdrjd b he,hbrfwbb. «Øfgrf» b «gjldfk», gfytkm yfdbufwbb b ,jrjdfz gfytkm j,jpyfxf.ncz 'ktvtynfvb header, footer, nav b aside. Äkz vekmnbvtlbqyjuj cjlth;fybz gjzdbkbcm 'ktvtyns audio b video. Îyb dytlhz.n d cnhfybwe cjjndtncnde.obq htcehc b j,tcgtxbdf.n cnfylfhnyst 'ktvtyns eghfdktybz — ryjgrb pfgecrf, gfeps b jcnfyjdrb, ghjvfnsdfybt, htuekznjh uhjvrjcnb. Äkz nt[ ,hfepthjd, ult 'nb 'ktvtyns yt gjllth;bdf.ncz, HTML 5 gjpdjkztn ljgjkybnm b[ fkmnthyfnbdysv cjlth;fybtv — yfghbvth, hjkbrjv Flash, c gjvjom. rjnjhjuj ctqxfc dytlhztncz ,jkmibycndj felbj- b dbltjpfgbctq. Â ghjldbyens[ ,hfepthf[ gjkyjwtyyj chf,jnftn 'ktvtyn audio bkb video, f dj dct[ jcnfkmys[ — fkmnthyfnbdysq hjkbr, nfr xnj dct gjkmpjdfntkb jcnfyencz ljdjkmys.
Çltcm ghjzdkztncz to¸ jlby utythfkmysq ghbywbg — yjdst djpvj;yjcnb HTML 5 ljk;ys cjplfdfnm rfr vj;yj vtymit ghj,ktv d nt[ ,hfepthf[, ult jyb yt gjllth;bdf.ncz. Ïjxnb dct yjditcndf zpsrf ecnhjtys nfr, xnj lkz cnfhs[ ,hfepthjd vj;yj j,tcgtxbnm b[ htfkbpfwb. c gjvjom. fkmnthyfnbdyjuj cjlth;fybz, CSS, JavaScript b lheub[ nt[yjkjubq.
Înltkmyjuj egjvbyfybz pfcke;bdftn 'ktvtyn canvas, rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdkztn j,kfcnm lkz hbcjdfybz bpj,hf;tybq «yf ktne» chtlcndfvb JavaScript. Ñj,cndtyyj, vfccjdsq bynthtc r HTML 5 yfxfkcz gjckt njuj, rfr Firefox b Opera htibkb gjllth;bdfnm 'njn 'ktvtyn.
Ôjhvs d HTML 5 bpvtybkbcm lj ytepyfdftvjcnb. Ïhbvbnbdyst ghjwtlehs pfgjkytybz b jnghfdrb ajhvs, jgbcfyyst d ght;yb[ dthcbz[ HTML, e;t ctqxfc ybrjuj yt ecnhfbdf.n, gj'njve hfphf,jnxbrb cfqnjd dslevsdf.n cj,cndtyyst hfcibhtybz bynthatqcf, chtlcndf ghjdthrb, cfvjltkmyst 'ktvtyns eghfdktybz. Â HTML 5 'nf cfvjltzntkmyjcnm ehtuekbhjdfyf cnfylfhnysvb 'ktvtynfvb, fnhb,enfvb b bynthatqcfvb DOM.
 ljgjkytybt r j,sxysv ntrcnjdsv gjkzv, gjzdbkbcm gjkz lkz ddjlf jghtltk¸yys[ lfyys[. Ífghbvth, input type="number" — 'nj gjkt lkz ddjlf xbckf, f input type="range" — gjkpeyjr lkz htuekbhjdfybz uhjvrjcnb bkb xtuj-nj gj[j;tuj. Ànhb,ens min, max b step jghtltkz.n lbfgfpjy b njxyjcnm ljgecnbvs[ pyfxtybq d gjkt. Ýktvtyn datalist j,tcgtxbdftn gjkt cj cgbcrjv, f 'ktvtyn output — j,kfcnm lkz dsdjlf lbyfvbxtcrb utythbhetvs[ htpekmnfnjd.
Ànhb,en required lkz 'ktvtynf eghfdktybz j,jpyfxftn, xnj 'njn 'ktvtyn j,zpfntkty lkz pfgjkytybz, nfr xnj ,tp ytuj ajhvf yt ,eltn jnghfdktyf. Ànhb,en autofocus gjpdjkztn ecnfyjdbnm ajrec ddjlf d lfyysq 'ktvtyn. Ìtnjl checkValidity() ghjdthztn ghfdbkmyjcnm pfgjkytybz gjktq. Äj cb[ gjh 'nb djpvj;yjcnb bvbnbhjdfkbcm yf cfqnf[ c gjvjom. recnfhys[ cwtyfhbtd JavaScript.
×nj,s gthtxbckbnm dct yjdjddtltybz d ajhvf[ HTML 5, gjnht,jdfkcz ,s ltcznjr nfrb[ cnfntq, rfr 'nf. À dtlm djpvj;yjcnb dpfbvjltqcndbz c gjkmpjdfntktv yt juhfybxbdf.ncz ajhvfvb. Â cnfylfhnt ghtlkfuftncz 'ktvtyn datagrid lkz jhufybpfwbb lbyfvbxtcrb[ cnherneh lfyys[, 'ktvtyn command lkz dspjdf gjkmpjdfntkmcrb[ rjvfyl, 'ktvtyn progress — bylbrfnjh [jlf dsgjkytybz jgthfwbb, f nfr;t chtlcndf DOM lkz htlfrnbhjdfybz cjlth;fybz ghzvj yf dt,-cnhfybwt, gthtnfcrbdfybz, dsltktybz, hf,jns c ,eathjv j,vtyf b vyjujuj lheujuj.
Ýnj jndtxftn j,otq ntyltywbb hfpdbnbz Âctvbhyjq Ïfenbys: tckb hfymit cfqns ,skb xtv-nj dhjlt ge,kbrfwbq, nj ntgthm jyb ghtdhfnbkbcm d gjkyjwtyyst ghbkj;tybz, nht,e.obt aeyrwbjyfkmyjuj b elj,yjuj gjkmpjdfntkmcrjuj bynthatqcf. Ñjjndtncndtyyj, yjdsq HTML nfr;t ljk;ty cnfnm yt cnjkmrj zpsrjv ge,kbrfwbq, crjkmrj zpsrjv jgbcfybz ghbkj;tybq. Íf hfyyb[ cnflbz[ hfphf,jnrb cnfylfhn HTML 5 lf;t yfpsdfkcz «Web Applications 1.0».
Êfr crjhj HTML 5 cnfytn ltqcnde.obv cnfylfhnjv? Ïj nhflbwbzv W3C cnfylfhn ghbybvftncz gjckt njuj, rfr zpsr ,eltn gjkyjcnm. htfkbpjdfy gj rhfqytq vtht d lde[ yfcnjzob[ ,hfepthf[. Êjycjhwbev cj cdjtq crkjyyjcnm. r afynfpbzv yflttncz, xnj 'nj ghjbpjql¸n r rjywe 2010. Îlyfrj hfpevyst k.lb bp WHATWG ghblth;bdf.ncz lheujuj vytybz: gjkyjwtyyjuj djgkjotybz HTML 5 cnóbn ;lfnm yt hfymit 2022. Äj nt[ gjh jcyjdysv zpsrjv rkbtyncrjq xfcnb Ât,f jcnfytncz ysytiyzz vtifybyf bp HTML 4 b XHTML 1, rjnjhfz nfr hfplhf;ftn k.,bntktq cnfylfhnjd, pfnj 'aatrnbdyj b rheukjcenjxyj ghbyjcbn gjkmpe gjctnbntkzv cfqnjd.
Ðjcnbckfd ×t,srby (ÃÊ «Ýktvtyn»)
 gjvjom dt,vfcnthe. Òf,kbwf-igfhufkrf ntujd b fnhb,enjd HTML5. Òfr, rfr vs exbv rf;lsq ltym vyjuj yjds[ dtotq, f yfif gfvznm yt cfvsq yflt;ysq vt[fybpv, jcj,tyyj c djphfcnjv, jxtym elj,yj bvtnm hfpyst elj,yst nf,kbws-igfhufkrb. Ó vtyz tcnm gj[j;bt gj CSS, b ght;yb[ dthcbq HTML.
Êkbrybnt yf rfhnbyre lkz ghjcvjnhf d gjkysq hfpvth
Âjn gjljcgtkf yjdfz igfhufkrf gj HTML 5. Ïjkmpeqntcm yf pljhjdmt. ß j,sxyj hfcgtxfnsdf. nfrbt igfhufkrb b yf cntye, hzljv c hf,jxbv vtcnjv. Çf,sk xtuj, ukzyek, djn jyj dc¸ gthtl ukfpfvb, dbpefkmyj b elj,yj c ghbvthfvb.
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